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Serious In Design

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1 Serious In Design

University: SID

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Serious In Design
2 SID

1) Компьютерная техника: Searchable Image Database, Subunit Interaction Domain, System Installation Diskette, sudden ionospheric disturbances, System IDentifier, Silence Insertion Descriptor

2) Авиация: стандартная схема выхода

3) Медицина: Source-Image Distance

4) Американизм: Scientific Investigation Division

5) Спорт: Smad Interaction Domain

6) Военный термин: Ship In Distress, Speed Indicator Device, Strategic Information Development, Subscriber Identification, security and intelligence division, seismic intrusion detector, situation display, special intelligence detachment, standard information display, strategic intelligence digest, supplemental inspection document, supplemental inspection document SICS, shipboard intelligence collection equipment, systems integration demonstrator, systems interface device, systems interface document, (S) Selective Imagery Dissemination (System)

7) Техника: slew-induced distortion, sodium ionization detector, space and information systems division, synchronous identification system, system for interactive design, стандартный вылет по приборам

8) Религия: Sermon And Illustration Database

9) Метеорология: Sudden Ionosphere Disturbance

10) Юридический термин: Sex In Doubt

11) Грубое выражение: Sorry Inconsiderate Dick

12) Оптика: Society for Information Display

13) Телекоммуникации: System ID number

14) Сокращение: Information Service, Ministry of National Defense (Belgium), Secondary Imagery Dissemination, Semantic IDentifier (computer programming), Ship Installation Drawings, Silicon Imaging Device, Situation Information Display console, Society for International Development, Source Image Distortion, Standard Instrument Departure, System Integration Development, seal-in device, special-purpose, spectral distribution, splashproof, spool, Subscriber Identification Number (мобильная телефония)

15) Университет: Serious In Design, Sports Information Director, Support For Instructional Designers

16) Физиология: Once per day

17) Фото: Solubilization by Incipient Development

18) Электроника: Slew Induced Distortion

19) Вычислительная техника: Signaling IDentifier, System IDentification, security ID, segmented image database, сегментированная база данных изображений, SWIFT Interface Device (SWIFT), Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (Space), Society for Information Displays (organization)

20) Нефть: ionization smoke detector

21) Дерматология: secondarily-infected dermatose

22) Педиатрия: простая иммунодиффузия (single immunodiffusion)

23) Транспорт: Side Impact Dummy, Speed Indicating Device, Static Impeller Driven

24) Экология: sudden ionospheric disturbance

25) Полицейский термин: Scientific Investigation Division, Отдел криминалистики полиции Лос-Анджелеса, Special Investigations Division

26) СМИ: Sound Interface Device, Sports Illustrated Dog

27) Деловая лексика: Super Intelligent Design

28) Образование: Severe Intellectual Disability, идентификационный номер студента (Student Identification Number), номер личного дела студента

29) Сетевые технологии: Shared Information Distance

30) Криминология: state identification number

31) Программирование: (Service Identification) идентификация сервиса (автоматизированное определение вида сервисных услуг, предоставляемых пользователям)

32) Океанография: Shallow Intermediate And Deep

33) Макаров: диссоциация, индуцированная поверхностью, индуцированная поверхностью диссоциация

34) Безопасность: Security In Depth, security identifier

35) Расширение файла: Serial Input Data, Symbolic Interactive Debugger, Syntax Improving Device, System ID, Station Identification (AT&T)

36) SAP.тех. идентификатор основных данных

37) Майкрософт: ИД безопасности

38) Должность: Seniority Integration Date

39) Аэропорты: Sal, Cape Verde Islands

40) НАСА: Spacecraft Identification Number

41) Программное обеспечение: Software Item Description, Still In Development

42) Базы данных: Simple Information Database

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SID
3 Sid

1) Компьютерная техника: Searchable Image Database, Subunit Interaction Domain, System Installation Diskette, sudden ionospheric disturbances, System IDentifier, Silence Insertion Descriptor

2) Авиация: стандартная схема выхода

3) Медицина: Source-Image Distance

4) Американизм: Scientific Investigation Division

5) Спорт: Smad Interaction Domain

6) Военный термин: Ship In Distress, Speed Indicator Device, Strategic Information Development, Subscriber Identification, security and intelligence division, seismic intrusion detector, situation display, special intelligence detachment, standard information display, strategic intelligence digest, supplemental inspection document, supplemental inspection document SICS, shipboard intelligence collection equipment, systems integration demonstrator, systems interface device, systems interface document, (S) Selective Imagery Dissemination (System)

7) Техника: slew-induced distortion, sodium ionization detector, space and information systems division, synchronous identification system, system for interactive design, стандартный вылет по приборам

8) Религия: Sermon And Illustration Database

9) Метеорология: Sudden Ionosphere Disturbance

10) Юридический термин: Sex In Doubt

11) Грубое выражение: Sorry Inconsiderate Dick

12) Оптика: Society for Information Display

13) Телекоммуникации: System ID number

14) Сокращение: Information Service, Ministry of National Defense (Belgium), Secondary Imagery Dissemination, Semantic IDentifier (computer programming), Ship Installation Drawings, Silicon Imaging Device, Situation Information Display console, Society for International Development, Source Image Distortion, Standard Instrument Departure, System Integration Development, seal-in device, special-purpose, spectral distribution, splashproof, spool, Subscriber Identification Number (мобильная телефония)

15) Университет: Serious In Design, Sports Information Director, Support For Instructional Designers

16) Физиология: Once per day

17) Фото: Solubilization by Incipient Development

18) Электроника: Slew Induced Distortion

19) Вычислительная техника: Signaling IDentifier, System IDentification, security ID, segmented image database, сегментированная база данных изображений, SWIFT Interface Device (SWIFT), Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (Space), Society for Information Displays (organization)

20) Нефть: ionization smoke detector

21) Дерматология: secondarily-infected dermatose

22) Педиатрия: простая иммунодиффузия (single immunodiffusion)

23) Транспорт: Side Impact Dummy, Speed Indicating Device, Static Impeller Driven

24) Экология: sudden ionospheric disturbance

25) Полицейский термин: Scientific Investigation Division, Отдел криминалистики полиции Лос-Анджелеса, Special Investigations Division

26) СМИ: Sound Interface Device, Sports Illustrated Dog

27) Деловая лексика: Super Intelligent Design

28) Образование: Severe Intellectual Disability, идентификационный номер студента (Student Identification Number), номер личного дела студента

29) Сетевые технологии: Shared Information Distance

30) Криминология: state identification number

31) Программирование: (Service Identification) идентификация сервиса (автоматизированное определение вида сервисных услуг, предоставляемых пользователям)

32) Океанография: Shallow Intermediate And Deep

33) Макаров: диссоциация, индуцированная поверхностью, индуцированная поверхностью диссоциация

34) Безопасность: Security In Depth, security identifier

35) Расширение файла: Serial Input Data, Symbolic Interactive Debugger, Syntax Improving Device, System ID, Station Identification (AT&T)

36) SAP.тех. идентификатор основных данных

37) Майкрософт: ИД безопасности

38) Должность: Seniority Integration Date

39) Аэропорты: Sal, Cape Verde Islands

40) НАСА: Spacecraft Identification Number

41) Программное обеспечение: Software Item Description, Still In Development

42) Базы данных: Simple Information Database

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Sid
4 sid

1) Компьютерная техника: Searchable Image Database, Subunit Interaction Domain, System Installation Diskette, sudden ionospheric disturbances, System IDentifier, Silence Insertion Descriptor

2) Авиация: стандартная схема выхода

3) Медицина: Source-Image Distance

4) Американизм: Scientific Investigation Division

5) Спорт: Smad Interaction Domain

6) Военный термин: Ship In Distress, Speed Indicator Device, Strategic Information Development, Subscriber Identification, security and intelligence division, seismic intrusion detector, situation display, special intelligence detachment, standard information display, strategic intelligence digest, supplemental inspection document, supplemental inspection document SICS, shipboard intelligence collection equipment, systems integration demonstrator, systems interface device, systems interface document, (S) Selective Imagery Dissemination (System)

7) Техника: slew-induced distortion, sodium ionization detector, space and information systems division, synchronous identification system, system for interactive design, стандартный вылет по приборам

8) Религия: Sermon And Illustration Database

9) Метеорология: Sudden Ionosphere Disturbance

10) Юридический термин: Sex In Doubt

11) Грубое выражение: Sorry Inconsiderate Dick

12) Оптика: Society for Information Display

13) Телекоммуникации: System ID number

14) Сокращение: Information Service, Ministry of National Defense (Belgium), Secondary Imagery Dissemination, Semantic IDentifier (computer programming), Ship Installation Drawings, Silicon Imaging Device, Situation Information Display console, Society for International Development, Source Image Distortion, Standard Instrument Departure, System Integration Development, seal-in device, special-purpose, spectral distribution, splashproof, spool, Subscriber Identification Number (мобильная телефония)

15) Университет: Serious In Design, Sports Information Director, Support For Instructional Designers

16) Физиология: Once per day

17) Фото: Solubilization by Incipient Development

18) Электроника: Slew Induced Distortion

19) Вычислительная техника: Signaling IDentifier, System IDentification, security ID, segmented image database, сегментированная база данных изображений, SWIFT Interface Device (SWIFT), Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance (Space), Society for Information Displays (organization)

20) Нефть: ionization smoke detector

21) Дерматология: secondarily-infected dermatose

22) Педиатрия: простая иммунодиффузия (single immunodiffusion)

23) Транспорт: Side Impact Dummy, Speed Indicating Device, Static Impeller Driven

24) Экология: sudden ionospheric disturbance

25) Полицейский термин: Scientific Investigation Division, Отдел криминалистики полиции Лос-Анджелеса, Special Investigations Division

26) СМИ: Sound Interface Device, Sports Illustrated Dog

27) Деловая лексика: Super Intelligent Design

28) Образование: Severe Intellectual Disability, идентификационный номер студента (Student Identification Number), номер личного дела студента

29) Сетевые технологии: Shared Information Distance

30) Криминология: state identification number

31) Программирование: (Service Identification) идентификация сервиса (автоматизированное определение вида сервисных услуг, предоставляемых пользователям)

32) Океанография: Shallow Intermediate And Deep

33) Макаров: диссоциация, индуцированная поверхностью, индуцированная поверхностью диссоциация

34) Безопасность: Security In Depth, security identifier

35) Расширение файла: Serial Input Data, Symbolic Interactive Debugger, Syntax Improving Device, System ID, Station Identification (AT&T)

36) SAP.тех. идентификатор основных данных

37) Майкрософт: ИД безопасности

38) Должность: Seniority Integration Date

39) Аэропорты: Sal, Cape Verde Islands

40) НАСА: Spacecraft Identification Number

41) Программное обеспечение: Software Item Description, Still In Development

42) Базы данных: Simple Information Database

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sid
5 plan

m.

1 plan (proyecto, programa).

hacer planes to plan

plan de adelgazamiento diet

plan de emergencia contingency plan

plan de estudios syllabus

plan de pensiones pension plan

2 date (informal) (ligue).

* * *

plan

► nombre masculino

1 (intención) plan

2 (programa) project

3 (régimen) diet

4 familiar (aventura amorosa) fling; (amante) bit on the side

5 familiar (para salir) plans plural

■ ¿tienes plan para el fin de semana? are you doing anything this weekend?

6 familiar (actitud) mood

■ hoy está en plan tonto he's in a stupid mood today

■ me lo dijo en plan de broma he said it as a joke

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a todo plan familiar in luxury

estar a plan familiar to be on a diet

no ser plan familiar not to be on

plan de adelgazamiento diet

plan de desarrollo development plan

plan de estudios syllabus

plan de inversiones investment plan

* * *

noun m.

1) plan

2) scheme

* * *

SM

1) (=proyecto) plan; (=intención) idea, intention

¿qué planes tienes para este verano? — what are your plans for the summer?

no tengo planes para el futuro — I have no plans for the future

realizar su plan — to put one's plan into effect

mi plan era comprar otro nuevo — my idea o intention was to buy a new one

tengo un plan estupendo para mañana — I've got a splendid idea about what to do tomorrow

plan de choque — action plan, plan of action

plan de desarrollo — development plan

plan de incentivos — incentive scheme

plan de jubilación — retirement plan

plan de pensiones — pension plan

plan de vuelo — flight plan

plan quinquenal — five-year plan

2) [de curso] programme, program (EEUU)

plan de estudios — curriculum, syllabus

3) * (=manera, actitud)

este niño está en un plan imposible — this child is really playing up

si te pones en ese plan — if that's your attitude

como sigas en ese plan — if you go on like that

lo hizo en plan bruto — he did it in a brutal way

viajar en plan económico — to travel cheap

el negocio es en plan timo — the deal is really a swindle

chaparrones en plan disperso — scattered showers

viven en plan pasota — they live like hippies

en plan de: lo dije en plan de broma — I said it as a joke o for a laugh

vamos en plan de turismo — we're going as tourists

salieron en plan de divertirse — they went out looking for a good time

está en plan de rehusar — he's in a mood to refuse, he's likely to refuse at the moment

4) *

- eso no es plan

- a todo plan

- no me hace plan

5) † * (=aventura) date; pey fling *

¿tienes plan para esta noche? — have you got a date for tonight?

buscar plan — to try to pick somebody up *

tiene un plan con la mujer del alcalde — he's having a fling with the mayor's wife *

6) (Med) course of treatment

estar a plan — to be on a course of treatment

7) (Topografía) (=nivel) level; (=altura) height

8) Cono Sur, Méx [de barco etc] flat bottom

9) LAm (=llano) level ground; Cono Sur (=falda de cerro) foothills pl

10) And, CAm, Caribe [de espada etc] flat

* * *

masculino

1) (proyecto, programa) plan

hacer planes — to make plans

plan de desarrollo — development plan

- plan de campaña

- plan de estudios

- plan maestro

2)

a) (fam) (cita, compromiso)

si no tienes otros planes podríamos ir a cenar — if you're not doing anything else we could go out for dinner

¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? — do you have any plans for tonight?

b) (Esp fam) ( ligue)

salió en busca de plan — he went out looking for a pickup (colloq), he went out on the pull (BrE colloq)

su marido tiene un plan — her husband's having an affair

3) (fam) ( actitud)

no te pongas en plan chulo — don't get cocky with me! (colloq)

lo dijo en plan de broma — he was only kidding (colloq)

en plan económico — cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)

salen en plan de amigos — they're just good friends

* * *

masculino

1) (proyecto, programa) plan

hacer planes — to make plans

plan de desarrollo — development plan

- plan de campaña

- plan de estudios

- plan maestro

2)

a) (fam) (cita, compromiso)

si no tienes otros planes podríamos ir a cenar — if you're not doing anything else we could go out for dinner

¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? — do you have any plans for tonight?

b) (Esp fam) ( ligue)

salió en busca de plan — he went out looking for a pickup (colloq), he went out on the pull (BrE colloq)

su marido tiene un plan — her husband's having an affair

3) (fam) ( actitud)

no te pongas en plan chulo — don't get cocky with me! (colloq)

lo dijo en plan de broma — he was only kidding (colloq)

en plan económico — cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)

salen en plan de amigos — they're just good friends

* * *

plan¹

¹ = agenda, arrangement, framework, plan, scheme.

Ex: The session on library and information services to people with disabilities addressed on agenda developed out of the feedback from various regional groups.

Ex: This arrangement is faster than waiting until documents are ordered.

Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

Ex: Plans were made to issue a concise version of AACR1, but these plans never came to fruition.

Ex: There are forty-six centres in twenty-five countries participating in the scheme.

* arruinar los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.

* chafar los planes = upset + the applecart.

* chafar + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.

* concebir un plan = devise + a plan.

* con planes ocultos = agenda-laden.

* dar al traste con los planes = upset + the applecart.

* dar al traste con + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.

* de plan abierto = open-plan, open-planned.

* desarrollar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.

* desarrollo del plan de estudios = curriculum development.

* desbaratar los planes = upset + the applecart.

* desbaratar + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.

* diseñar un plan = draw up + plan.

* diseño de planes de estudios = curriculum design.

* echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.

* echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.

* edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.

* elaborar un plan = formulate + plan, draw up + plan, think out + a plan, think out + a plan, devise + a plan.

* elaborar un plan de trabajo = develop + agenda.

* estropear los planes = upset + the applecart.

* estropear + Posesivo + planes = upset + Posesivo + plans, ruin + Posesivo + plans.

* hacer planes = plan, make + plans.

* hacer un plan = draw up + plan, figure out + plan.

* hacer un plan de emergencia = produce + contingency plan.

* idear un plan = devise + a plan.

* organizar un plan = put + a plan in place.

* persona que elabora el plan de estudios = syllabus maker.

* plan abierto = openness, open plan.

* plan a largo plazo = long-term plan.

* plan alternativo = contingency plan.

* plan blanco = white bread.

* plan de actuación = action plan, business plan, plan of action, action statement, road map [roadmap], plan for action, response plan.

* plan de adquisición de material a vista = approval plan.

* plan de adquisiciones = acquisitions plan.

* plan de choque = shock tactics.

* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction, disposition instruction.

* plan de compra = purchase plan.

* plan de conservación = conservation plan.

* plan de contingencia = contingency plan.

* plan de disposición = disposition plan.

* plan de emergencia = disaster plan, emergency plan, disaster recovery plan, backup plan, safety net.

* plan de estudios = curriculum [curricula, -pl.], syllabus [syllabi/syllabuses, -pl.], school curriculum, study plan.

* plan de expurgo = weeding policy, weeding project.

* Plan de Información y Bibliotecas = Library and Information Plan (LIP).

* plan de jubilación = pension plan, retirement plan.

* plan de mejora = improvement plan.

* plan de ordenación urbana = town planning.

* plan de pensiones = pension plan, retirement plan.

* plan de recuperación tras un siniestro = disaster recovery, disaster recovery plan.

* plan de retención = retention plan.

* plan de seguridad = backup plan.

* plan de seguros = insurance plan.

* plan de sucesión = succession plan.

* plan de trabajo = research agenda, work plan, working plan, work schedule.

* plan dietético = diet plan.

* planes de estudios = syllabi.

* planes + fracasar = plan + fall through.

* planes futuros = future plans.

* planes ocultos = hidden agenda.

* plan estratégico = strategic plan.

* plan grandioso = grand design.

* plan maestro = master plan.

* plan magistral = grand design.

* plan para después de la jubilación = retirement plan.

* plan urbanístico = zoning.

* proponer un plan = come up with + plan.

* reforma del plan de estudios = curriculum development.

* tener un plan = figure out + plan.

* urdir un plan = devise + a plan.

plan²

² = fling.

Ex: But the man who became famous for his flings believes celibacy is a revolutionary act to strengthen his spiritual journey.

* * *

plan

masculine

A (proyecto, programa) plan

hacer planes para el futuro to make plans for the future

plan nacional contra la droga national anti-drugs program o plan

plan de desarrollo development plan

Compuestos:

● plan de ahorro

savings plan

● plan de campaña

plan of action, plan of campaign

● plan de estudios

syllabus

● plan de capacitación

training scheme

● plan de jubilación

retirement scheme, retirement plan

● plan de pensiones

pension plan, pension scheme

● plan de pensiones de beneficios definidos

defined benefit pension plan

● plan de pensiones de cotizaciones definidas

defined contribution pension plan

● plan de vuelo

flight plan

● plan maestro

master plan

B

1 ( fam)

(cita, compromiso): si no tienes plan para esta noche podríamos ir a cenar if you're not doing anything tonight we could go out for dinner

¿tienes algún plan para este fin de semana? do you have anything planned o do you have any plans for this weekend?, do you have anything on this weekend?

no es plan ( Esp); (no es justo) it's not fair, it's not on ( BrE colloq); (no es buena idea) it's not a good idea

2

( Esp fam) (ligue): salió en busca de plan para la noche he went out looking for a pickup for the night ( colloq)

su marido tiene un plan her husband's having an affair o seeing someone else, her husband's got a bit on the side ( BrE colloq)

C ( fam)

(actitud): no te pongas en plan chulo don't get cocky with me! ( colloq)

hoy está en plan vago he's in a lazy mood today

lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding ( colloq), he meant it as a joke

como siga en ese plan, acabará mal if he carries on like that, he'll come to no good

en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap ( colloq)

nos llevamos muy bien, pero en plan de amigos we get on very well but we're just friends

* * *

plan sustantivo masculino
1 (proyecto, programa) plan;
◊ hacer planes to make plans;

plan de estudios syllabus
2 (fam) (cita, compromiso):
◊ si no tienes otros planes if you're not doing anything else;

¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? do you have any plans for tonight?
3 (fam) ( actitud):
◊ vienen en plan de diversión they're here to have fun;

lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding (colloq);
en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)
plan sustantivo masculino
1 (intención) plan
2 (conjunto de ideas, etc) scheme, programme
plan de estudios, curriculum
plan de jubilación/de pensiones, pension plan
3 fam (cita) date: no tengo plan para esta tarde, I have no plans for this afternoon
♦ Locuciones: no sigas en ese plan, don't carry on like that
no es plan, that's not a good idea
no es plan de que nos quedemos si él se va, it's not fair for us to have to stay home if he goes out
' plan' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrupta
- abrupto
- anteproyecto
- auspicio
- boceto
- bosquejar
- chafar
- concebir
- cuajar
- delinear
- desactivar
- descubrir
- designio
- dinamitar
- efecto
- fastidiar
- garete
- generar
- idea
- idear
- instrumentación
- inviable
- juego
- mantilla
- mira
- pensar
- pergeñar
- pique
- plana
- planear
- planificar
- plano
- plazo
- política
- prever
- programa
- proyectar
- proyecto
- rechazar
- rechazo
- resultado
- tortuosa
- tortuosidad
- tortuoso
- trazar
- tramar
- traza
- venta
- ventura
- viabilidad
English:
abort
- abortive
- action
- alter
- alteration
- approachable
- approve of
- attractive
- authenticity
- backfire
- beauty
- benign
- botch
- bypass
- cheap
- concoct
- contingency plan
- cook up
- crystallize
- curriculum
- delineate
- design
- despite
- detailed
- develop
- development
- devious
- disappoint
- discard
- distinct
- drum up
- elaborate
- emigrate
- explain
- fall apart
- fall through
- fallback
- floor plan
- follow through
- foolproof
- forecast
- formulate
- get-rich-quick
- go
- half-baked
- hatch
- hit on
- hit upon
- holiday
- impractical

* * *

plan nm

1. [proyecto, programa] plan;

hacer planes to plan;

tenemos plan de visitarte la próxima semana we're planning to call on you next week;

¿tienes algún plan para mañana por la tarde? have you got any plans for tomorrow evening?

Comp
plan de acción action plan;
plan de adelgazamiento diet;

plan de ahorro savings plan;

plan de amortización repayment plan;

plan de choque emergency plan;

plan de creación de empleo job creation scheme;

plan de desarrollo development plan;

plan de emergencia [para el futuro] contingency plan;
[como reacción] emergency plan;
plan de estudios syllabus;

plan hidrológico water management plan;

plan de jubilación pension scheme o plan;

plan de pensiones pension scheme o plan;

plan de pensiones contributivo contributory pension scheme o plan;
Hist plan quinquenal five-year plan;
plan de urbanismo urban development plan;

plan de viabilidad feasibility plan;

plan de vuelo flight plan

2. Fam [ligue] date;

salieron a buscar un plan they went out on the pull

3. Fam

Comp

a todo plan in the greatest luxury, with no expense spared;
Fam
en plan: lo dijo en plan serio he was serious about it;

si te pones en ese plan… if you're going to be like that about it…;

se puso en plan violento he got o became violent;
Fam
en plan de: lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding, he meant it as a joke;

vamos a Perú en plan de turismo we are going to Peru for a holiday;

no es plan it's just not on;

¡vaya plan de vida! what a life!

* * *

plan

m plan;

plan de emergencia emergency plan;

lo dije en plan de broma fam I said it as a joke;

tener un plan fam be playing around, be having an affair;

esto no es plan fam this isn’t good enough

* * *

plan nm

1) : plan, strategy, program

plan de inversiones: investment plan

plan de estudios: curriculum

2) plano: plan, diagram

3) : attitude, intent, purpose

ponte en plan serio: be serious

estamos en plan de divertirnos: we're looking to have some fun

* * *

plan n

1. (en general) plan

hemos cambiado de planes we've changed our plans

un plan para fugarse an escape plan

2. (actitud) mood

se puso en plan serio he became serious

en plan de as

salimos en plan de amigos we went out as friends

plan de estudios (de una asignatura) syllabus [pl. syllabuses] (nacional) curriculum

Spanish-English dictionary > plan
6 sufrir

v.

1 to suffer.

no sufrió daños it wasn't damaged

sufrió una agresión he was the victim of an attack

sufrir de to suffer from (enfermedad)

sufrir del estómago to have a stomach complaint

Los chicos penan en su cuarto The boys suffer in their room.

2 to bear, to stand.

tengo que sufrir sus manías I have to put up with his idiosyncrasies

No pudo sufrirla I cannot stand her.

3 to undergo, to experience.

la Bolsa sufrió una caída the stock market fell

la empresa ha sufrido pérdidas the company has reported o made losses

* * *

sufrir

► verbo transitivo

1 (padecer) to suffer

2 (accidente, ataque) to have; (operación) to undergo

3 (dificultades, cambios) to experience; (derrota, consecuencias) to suffer

4 (aguantar) to bear, stand, put up with

■ no la puedo sufrir I can't stand her

5 (consentir) to tolerate

► verbo intransitivo

1 (padecer) to suffer

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

hacer sufrir a alguien to cause somebody pain, make somebody suffer

sufrir del corazón to have a heart condition

sufrir hambre to go hungry

sufrir vergüenza to be ashamed

* * *

verb

1) to suffer

2) endure, bear

* * *

1. VT

1) (=tener) [+ accidente] to have, suffer; [+ consecuencias, revés] to suffer; [+ cambio] to undergo; [+ intervención quirúrgica] to have, undergo; [+ pérdida] to suffer, sustain

la ciudad sufrió un ataque — the city suffered o sustained an attack

sufrió un ataque al corazón — he had a heart attack

sufrir un colapso — to collapse

2) (=soportar)

Juan no puede sufrir a su jefe — Juan can't bear o stand his boss

no puede sufrir que la imiten — she can't bear o stand people imitating her

3) [+ examen, prueba] to undergo

4) frm (=sostener) to hold up, support

2.

VI to suffer

sufría en silencio — she suffered in silence

mi madre sufre mucho si llego tarde a casa — my mother gets terribly worried if I'm late home

hacer sufrir a algn — to make sb suffer

sufrir de algo — to suffer from sth

sufre de reumatismo — she suffers from rheumatism

sufre mucho de los pies — she suffers a lot o has a lot of trouble with her feet

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <dolores/molestias> to suffer

sufre lesiones de gravedad — he has serious injuries

sufrió una grave enfermedad — she had a serious illness

b) <derrota/persecución/consecuencias> to suffer; < cambio> to undergo; < accidente> to have

sufrió un atentado — there was an attempt on his life

el coche sufrió una avería — the car broke down

son los que más sufren la crisis económica — they are the ones hardest hit by the economic crisis

c) ( soportar) (en frases negativas) to bear

no puedo sufrir que se ría de mí — I can't bear o stand him laughing at me
2.
sufrir vi to suffer

sufrir de algo — to suffer from something

sufre del hígado — she suffers from o has a liver complaint

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <dolores/molestias> to suffer

sufre lesiones de gravedad — he has serious injuries

sufrió una grave enfermedad — she had a serious illness

b) <derrota/persecución/consecuencias> to suffer; < cambio> to undergo; < accidente> to have

sufrió un atentado — there was an attempt on his life

el coche sufrió una avería — the car broke down

son los que más sufren la crisis económica — they are the ones hardest hit by the economic crisis

c) ( soportar) (en frases negativas) to bear

no puedo sufrir que se ría de mí — I can't bear o stand him laughing at me
2.
sufrir vi to suffer

sufrir de algo — to suffer from something

sufre del hígado — she suffers from o has a liver complaint

* * *

sufrir¹

¹ = grieve, suffer, pine, suffer.

Ex: If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.

Ex: Since the introduction of computer-based indexing systems alphabetical indexing languages have become more prevalent, and UDC has suffered a reduction in use.

Ex: The 2.1 km trail is perfect for working up a thirst - just long enough to make you feel like you got a bit of exercise, but short enough that you aren't pining for very long.

Ex: In this study of sapphism in the British novel, Moore often directs our attention to the periphery of sapphic romances, when an abjected body suffers on behalf of the stainless heroine.

* cuando a Alguien le ocurre Algo, Otra Persona sufre las consecuencias = when + Alguien + sneeze, + Otro + catch cold.

* dejar de hacer sufrir = put + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + misery.

* sufrir un suplicio = agonise over [agonize, -USA].

sufrir²

² = experience, feel, sustain, stew, undergo.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado underwent, participio undergone.

Ex: If facilities like these are not supported by the data base design, the users of the system will experience slow response times.

Ex: Public libraries, especially in New York City, are feeling severe budget crunches, because we really haven't been relevant to people and, therefore, nobody uses us = Las bibliotecas públicas, especialmente de la ciudad de Nueva York, están sufriendo graves recortes presupuestarios debido a que la gente no nos ha encontrado necesarios y, por lo tanto, nadie nos utiliza.

Ex: In soccer, females injured their toe 17% more than males and sustained 19% more fractures.

Ex: He was unhappy about Rosecrans grabbing the limelight and just getting too big for his breeches and decided to let him stew a little bit.

Ex: Syntactic relationships arise from the syntax of the document which is undergoing analysis, and derive solely from literary warrant.

* no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.

* persona que sufre de insomio = insomniac.

* sufrir daños = suffer + damage, suffer + harm, come to + harm.

* sufrir el acoso de = run + the gauntlet of.

* sufrir el efecto de Algo = suffer + effect.

* sufrir las consecuencias = suffer + consequences, take it on + the chin.

* sufrir las consecuencias de Algo = suffer + effect.

* sufrir pérdidas = make + a loss.

* sufrir una catástrofe = experience + disaster.

* sufrir una depresión nerviosa = have + a breakdown.

* sufrir una experiencia = undergo + experience.

* sufrir una pérdida = suffer + loss.

* sufrir un ataque = be under attack, be under assault.

* sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.

* sufrir un contratiempo = suffer + bruises.

* sufrir un inconveniente = suffer + inconvenience.

* sufrir un retraso = encounter + delay.

* sufrir un revés = take + an unfortunate turn, take + a pounding, take + a beating.

* * *

sufrir [I1 ]

vt

1 ‹dolores/molestias› to suffer; ‹persecución/exilio› to suffer

sufre lesiones de gravedad he has serious injuries

sufrió una grave enfermedad she had a serious illness

2 ‹derrota/castigo› to suffer; ‹cambio› to undergo

sufrieron un accidente en el camino de descenso they had an accident on the way down

había sufrido otro atentado en 1992 he had been the target of a previous attack in 1992, there had been a previous attempt on his life in 1992

nuestro ejército sufrió bajas importantes our army suffered serious losses

el avión sufrió un retraso de dos horas the plane was two hours late

el dólar sufrió un fuerte descenso the dollar suffered a sharp fall

uno de los motores sufrió una avería one of the engines broke down

ahora tendrás que sufrir las consecuencias now you'll have to suffer the consequences

son los que más sufren la crisis económica they are the ones hardest hit by the economic crisis

3 (soportar) ( en frases negativas) to bear

no puedo sufrir que se ría de mí I can't bear o stand him laughing at me, I can't bear o stand it when he laughs at me

es que no puedo sufrirla I just can't bear o stand her

■ sufrir

vi

to suffer

murió de repente, sin sufrir she died suddenly, she didn't suffer

está sufriendo mucho con los dolores she's suffering a great deal with the pain

sufrir DE algo to suffer FROM sth

sufre del hígado/los riñones she suffers from o has a liver/kidney complaint

* * *

sufrir ( conjugate sufrir) verbo transitivo
a) ‹dolores/molestias› to suffer;

◊ sufre lesiones de gravedad he has serious injuries

b) ‹derrota/persecución/consecuencias› to suffer;

‹ cambio› to undergo;
‹ accidente› to have;
◊ sufrió un atentado there was an attempt on his life;

el coche sufrió una avería the car broke down
verbo intransitivo
to suffer;
sufrir de algo to suffer from sth
sufrir
I verbo intransitivo to suffer: sufre de reumatismo, he suffers from rheumatism
II verbo transitivo
1 (un daño, un perjuicio) to suffer: sufría una extraña enfermedad, he had a rare illness
(un accidente) to have
(una derrota) to suffer
(una operación) to undergo
2 (cambios) to undergo: en la adolescencia se sufre una gran transformación, you go through a lot of changes during adolescence
3 (soportar, aguantar) to bear: tuvimos que sufrir sus chistes machistas, we had to put up with his sexist jokes
' sufrir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
atravesada
- atravesado
- castigar
- desengaño
- llevar
- martirizar
- padecer
- pasar
- soportar
- accidente
- caída
- contratiempo
- daño
- desmayo
- experimentar
- herida
- persecución
- quemar
- regodearse
- resentirse
English:
break down
- brunt
- collapse
- crack
- crack up
- experience
- have
- incur
- meet with
- penalty
- relapse
- squirm
- suffer
- sustain
- undergo
- concuss
- die
- grieve
- height
- hemorrhage
- hurt
- mutate
- rack
- receive
- under
- weak

* * *

sufrir

♦ vt

1. [padecer] to suffer;
[accidente] to have;
sufre frecuentes ataques epilépticos she often has epileptic fits;

sufrió persecución por sus ideas she suffered persecution for her ideas;

no sufrió daños it wasn't damaged;

sufrió una agresión/un atentado he was attacked/an attempt was made on his life;

sufrí una vergüenza increíble I felt incredibly embarrassed;

la empresa ha sufrido pérdidas the company has reported o made losses;

el ejército invasor sufrió numerosas bajas the invading army suffered numerous casualties

2. [soportar] to put up with, to bear;

tengo que sufrir sus manías I have to put up with his idiosyncrasies;

a tu jefe no hay quien lo sufra your boss is impossible to put up with

3. [experimentar] to undergo, to experience;

la Bolsa sufrió una caída the stock market fell;

las temperaturas sufrirán un descenso temperatures will fall

♦ vi
[padecer] to suffer;
sufrió mucho antes de morir she suffered a lot before she died;

sufre mucho si su hijo no lo llama he gets very anxious if his son doesn't call him;

sufrir de [enfermedad] to suffer from;

sufrir del estómago/riñón to have stomach/kidney trouble o a stomach/kidney complaint

* * *

sufrir

I v/t fig

suffer, put up with

II v/i suffer (de from);

sufre del estómago he has stomach problems

* * *

sufrir vt

1) : to suffer

sufrir una pérdida: to suffer a loss

2) : to tolerate, to put up with

ella no lo puede sufrir: she can't stand him

sufrir vi

: to suffer

* * *

sufrir vb (en general) to suffer

sufre fuertes dolores de cabeza he suffers from bad headaches

sufrir un accidente to have an accident

sufrir un cambio to change

Spanish-English dictionary > sufrir
7 замислям

plan, contemplate; plot, design; hatch

замислям се 1. (над нещо) ponder (over), brood (over), think (of), muse (upon, on, over); put o.'s mind to s.th.. bethink oneself

накарвам някого да се замисли set s.o. thinking

за какво си се замислил? what are you so thoughtful about? a penny for your thoughts

замислям се сериозно think serious-ly (да to с inf., of с ger.) seriously consider (c ger.)

никак не съм се замислял за това I have never thought/stopped to think about it

2. (изпадам в замисленост) become thoughtful, grow pensive, plunge into a re-verie, be deep in thought, muse

3. (колебая се) hesitate

отговарям, без да се замисли answer without a moment's hesitation

* * *

замѝслям,

гл. plan, contemplate; plot, design; contrive; hatch;

\замислям се 1. ( над нещо) ponder (over), brood (over), think (of), muse (upon, on, over); put o.’s mind to s.th., bethink oneself; за какво си се замислил? what are you so thoughtful about? a penny for your thoughts; \замислям се сериозно think seriously (да to с inf., of с ger.), seriously consider (с ger.); накарвам някого да се замисли set s.o. thinking, give s.o. food for thought; никак не съм се замислял за това I have never thought/stopped to think about it;

2. ( изпадам в замисленост) become thoughtful, grow pensive, plunge into a reverie, be deep in thought, muse, get lost in thought;

3. ( колебая се) hesitate.

* * *

concert; contrive; project{`prOdjekt}; conception

* * *
1. (изпадам в замисленост) become thoughtful» grow pensive, plunge into a re-verie, be deep in thought, muse 2. (колебая се) hesitate 3. plan, contemplate;plot, design;hatch 4. ЗАМИСЛЯМ ce (над нещо) ponder (over), brood (over), think (of), muse (upon, on, over);put o.'s mind to s.th.. bethink oneself 5. ЗАМИСЛЯМ се сериозно think serious-ly (да to с inf., of с ger.) seriously consider (c ger.) 6. за какво си се замислил? what are you so thoughtful about?a penny for your thoughts 7. накарвам някого да се замисли set s.o. thinking 8. никак не съм се замислял за това I have never thought/stopped to think about it 9. отговарям, без да се замисли answer without a moment's hesitation

Български-английски речник > замислям
8 -In a meeting-

At work In a meeting
Everyone is already in the meeting room. Sono già tutti in sala riunioni.

Good morning everyone. Buongiorno a tutti.

I'd like to introduce you all to Mr Maxwell from Omega Design. Vorrei presentare a tutti il signor Maxwell della Omega Design.

This is Mrs King from our planning department. Questa è la signora King del nostro ufficio progettazione.

Nice to meet you everybody. Piacere di conoscervi.

Now everyone's been introduced, we should get started. Ora che tutti sono stati presentati potremmo cominciare.

As you all know, we're here today to discuss the design of our new web site. Come sapete, siamo qui per parlare del design del nostro nuovo sito web.

He'll be showing us some of the design proposals. Ci mostrerà alcune delle proposte per il design.

I'm sure you are all eager to see some of the designs. Sono sicura che siete tutti ansiosi di vedere qualcuno dei progetti.

So without further ado, I'll hand you over to Mr Maxwell. Allora senza ulteriori indugi vi lascio con il signor Maxwell.

I've brought along some design proposals so I can get an idea the kind of style you are looking for. Ho portato con me alcune proposte di design in modo da farmi un'idea del tipo di stile che cercate.

Is there anywhere I can plug in my laptop? Posso collegare il mio portatile da qualche parte?

I can show you some of the potential styles we could develop for you. Vi mostro alcuni dei potenziali stili che potremmo sviluppare per voi.

There's a socket just underneath the table. C'è una presa proprio sotto al tavolo.

If anyone has a question then please feel free to interrupt. Se qualcuno ha una domanda mi interrompa pure.

I'll take any questions from the floor once the presentation is over. Risponderò a tutte le domande dei partecipanti al termine della presentazione.

The styles range from sober and serious to playful and silly. Gli stili vanno dal sobrio e serio all'allegro e frivolo.

I think we'd be looking for something more conservative. Credo che vorremmo qualcosa di più classico.

We need something in keeping with the company image. Abbiamo bisogno di qualcosa in armonia con l'immagine dell'azienda.

I think it would be better to go for something with dark colours, especially on the homepage. Credo che sarebbe meglio qualcosa con colori scuri, specialmente nella homepage.

Now we've had a look at some of the designs, I'd like to move on to the time scales. Ora che abbiamo dato un'occhiata ai design, vorrei passare alla questione dei tempi.

How quickly could you have the web site ready? In quanto tempo potrebbe completare il sito?

That would depend on how much work would need to go into it. Questo dipende da quanto lavoro sarà necessario investire.

A plain design would need less work of course. Un design semplice richiederebbe naturalmente meno lavoro.

A more intricate one would take about a couple of months to plan, design, and deliver. Uno più complicato richiederebbe un paio di mesi tra progettazione, design e consegna.

Obviously, the amount of work involved would affect the cost of the project. Naturalmente, la quantità di lavoro richiesto incide sul costo del progetto.

I could send you a quote. Potrei mandarvi un preventivo.

Could we see some of the other web sites you've designed? Potremmo vedere altri siti web di sua creazione?

I'll send you a catalogue. Vi manderò un catalogo.

That would be excellent. Sarebbe perfetto.

Could you send us quotes for all of the styles just so we have an idea of costs? Potrebbe mandarci dei preventivi per tutti gli stili in modo da avere un'idea dei costi?

We need to know how far our budget will stretch. Abbiamo bisogno di sapere fin dove si spingerà il nostro budget.

Does anyone have any other questions? Avete altre domande?

I think we'll call it a day there. Credo che possiamo concludere qui.

Thank you, Mr Maxwell, for coming along today. Signor Maxwell, grazie per essere venuto.

I look forward to receiving your e-mail with the links to other sites you've designed. Aspetto di ricevere la sua e-mail con i link agli altri siti che ha progettato.

I'll send it to you tomorrow. Ve la mando domani.

I'll show you out. L'accompagno all'uscita.

English-Italian dictionary > -In a meeting-
9 riportare

take back

( riferire) report

vittoria, successo achieve

mathematics carry over

tasche sew on

danni, ferite sustain

* * *

riportare v.tr.

1 to bring* again; to take* again; ( portare indietro) to bring* back; to take* back, to carry back: riporterò il libro appena l'ho letto, I shall bring back the book as soon as I have read it; simpatico quel tuo amico, riportalo qui qualche volta, that friend of yours is nice, bring him here again sometimes; riporta la macchina dal meccanico perché non ha finito il lavoro, take the car back to the mechanic because he hasn't finished the job; lo riportarono a casa tutto malconcio, they took (o carried) him home in a terrible state; dai suoi viaggi riportò molte cose, he brought back a great many things from his travels; il suo arrivo ha riportato l'ordine nella classe, his arrival restored order in the class; sono riusciti a riportare la situazione alla normalità, they have managed to bring the situation back to normal; visitare quei luoghi lo riportò all'infanzia, visiting those places took him back to his childhood

2 ( riferire) to report, to relate; ( citare) to quote: devi riportare tutto ciò che vedi, you must report everything (that) you see; ha riportato i minimi dettagli, he reported every detail; questo scrittore riporta spesso passi di autori greci, this writer often quotes passages from Greek authors; tutti i giornali riportarono la notizia, all the papers carried the news; riportare l'opinione di una persona autorevole, to quote the opinion of an authority

3 ( ricevere, conseguire) to get*, to receive; to carry off; ( subire) to suffer: riportare una buona impressione, to get a good impression; riportare un danno, to suffer damage; riportare gravi ferite, to suffer serious injury (o to be seriously injured); riportare una leggera ferita, to be slightly wounded (o injured); riportare un premio, to get (o to receive o to carry off) a prize; riportare la vittoria, to carry off the victory; riportarono una grave sconfitta, they suffered a serious defeat; il film ha riportato un grande successo, the film was very successful

4 (mat.) to carry; (amm.) to carry forward: scrivo 9 e riporto 3, I write 9 and carry 3; riportare una somma alla pagina seguente, to carry the total forward to the next page; riportare nei libri contabili, to post in the account books

5 (Borsa) to carry over, to continue, to contango: riportare i titoli, to contango stocks

6 ( riprodurre) to reproduce, to copy; to transfer: riportate il disegno in scala minore, reproduce the design on a smaller scale.

◘ riportarsi v.intr.pron.

1 ( tornare) to take* oneself back; to go* back (anche fig.); (fig.) to think* back: dovete riportarvi al quinto secolo, you must go back to the fifth century; cerca di riportarti con la memoria al momento in cui è avvenuto l'incidente, try to think back to the moment when the incident happened

2 ( riferirsi) to refer: mi riporto a cose che sapete già, I refer to things you already know; riportare alle teorie già esposte, to refer to the above-mentioned theories.

* * *
[ripor'tare]
1. vt

1) (portare di nuovo: gen) to take back, (verso chi parla) to bring back

tieni, ti ho riportato il CD — here, I've brought you back your CD

mi ha riportato a casa — he took me back home

riportalo in cucina — take it back to the kitchen

la scena lo riportò col pensiero all'infanzia — the scene took him back to his childhood

2) (ottenere) to receive, get, (vittoria) to carry off, win, (successo) to have

ha riportato gravi ferite — he was seriously injured, (soldato) he was seriously wounded

ha riportato una frattura al braccio — he received a fracture to his arm

la casa ha riportato gravi danni — the house has suffered serious damage, the house has been seriously damaged

3) (riferire: notizie) to report, (citare) to quote

4) Mat to carry (forward)

scrivo 5 e riporto 3 — put down 5 and carry 3

2. vip (riportarsi)

riportarsi a (anche) fig — to go back to, (riferirsi a) to refer to

* * *
[ripor'tare] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) (portare di nuovo, restituire) to bring* back, to take* back

2) fig. (ricondurre) to bring* back

riportare qcn. alla realtà — to bring sb. back down to earth

riportare in vita qcn. — to bring sb. back to life, to restore sb. to life

riportare qcn. indietro di molti anni — to take sb. back several years

3) (riaccompagnare)

ti riporto a casa — (in auto) I'll drive you back home

riportare qcn. in prigione — to take sb. back to prison

4) (citare, riferire) to quote, to report [fatto, notizia]; to retail [ pettegolezzo]

5) (conseguire)

riportare una vittoria schiacciante — to pull off o score a massive victory, to sweep to victory

riportare un grande successo — to score a hit

6) (subire) to suffer

riportare gravi ferite — to suffer serious injuries, to be seriously injured

l'auto non ha riportato molti danni — not much damage was done to the car

7) (trascrivere) to transfer, to recopy

8) mat. to carry
2.
verbo intransitivo (aus. avere) venat. [ cane] to retrieve
3.
verbo pronominale riportarsi to go* back (a to)

* * *

riportare

/ripor'tare/ [1]

I verbo transitivo

1 (portare di nuovo, restituire) to bring* back, to take* back

2 fig. (ricondurre) to bring* back; riportare qcn. alla realtà to bring sb. back down to earth; riportare in vita qcn. to bring sb. back to life, to restore sb. to life; riportare qcn. indietro di molti anni to take sb. back several years

3 (riaccompagnare) ti riporto a casa (in auto) I'll drive you back home; riportare qcn. in prigione to take sb. back to prison

4 (citare, riferire) to quote, to report [ fatto, notizia]; to retail [ pettegolezzo]

5 (conseguire) riportare una vittoria schiacciante to pull off o score a massive victory, to sweep to victory; riportare un grande successo to score a hit

6 (subire) to suffer; riportare gravi ferite to suffer serious injuries, to be seriously injured; l'auto non ha riportato molti danni not much damage was done to the car

7 (trascrivere) to transfer, to recopy

8 mat. to carry

II verbo intransitivo

(aus. avere) venat. [ cane] to retrieve

III riportarsi verbo pronominale

to go* back ( a to).

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > riportare
10 assembly
1. узел оборудования
2. сборочная единица
3. сборка (монтаж)
4. сборка
5. подузел
6. НКУ распределения и управления
7. конструкция
8. клеевое соединение
9. ассемблирование
ассемблирование
Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера.
[ ГОСТ 19781-90]

Тематики
- обеспеч. систем обраб. информ. программное
EN
- assembly
клеевое соединение
Ндп. клеенное соединение
Соединение частей изделия склеиванием.
[ ГОСТ 28780-90]

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
- клеенное соединение
Тематики
- клеи
EN
конструкция
Устройство, взаимное расположение частей и состав машины, механизма или сооружения.
[ http://sl3d.ru/o-slovare.html]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The new valve profile is design to ensure smooth and precise control at low capacities for improved part load performances.
[Lennox]

Вентиль новой конструкции обеспечивает плавное и точное регулирование при низкой производительности холодильного контура, что увеличивает его эффективность при неполной нагрузке.
[Интент]

Тематики
- машиностроение в целом
EN
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
подузел
узел
сборная деталь
собранный узел
блок
агрегат
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
Синонимы
EN
- assembly
сборка
Процесс соединения и закрепления элементов и деталей в готовые узлы, монтажные блоки, конструкции или изделия
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

сборка
Образование соединений составных частей изделия.
Примечания:
1. Примером видов сборки является клепка, сварка заготовок и т.д.
2. Соединение может быть разъемным или неразъемным
[ГОСТ 3.1109-82]

Тематики
- строительные и монтажные работы
- технологические процессы в целом
EN
- assembling
- assembly
DE
- Fügen
- Montage
FR
- assemblage
сборка (монтаж)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
узел оборудования
компоновочный узел
компоновка
ассемблирование
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
EN
- assembly
3.2.10 сборочная единица (assembly): Изделие, которое разлагаемо на множество комплектующих или других сборочных единиц с точки зрения конкретного приложения предметной области;

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 10303-1-99: Системы автоматизации производства и их интеграция. Представление данных об изделии и обмен этими данными. Часть 1. Общие представления и основополагающие принципы оригинал документа

3.3.1 конструкция (assembly) предназначена для того, чтобы:

а) удерживать каскетку на голове;

б) поглощать кинетическую энергию, возникающую при ударе, и распределять усилие по поверхности головы.

Примечание - Внутренняя оснастка может состоять из элементов, указанных в 3.3.2 - 3.3.5.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 12.4.245-2007: Система стандартов безопасности труда. Каскетки защитные. Общие технические требования. Методы испытаний оригинал документа

52. Ассемблирование

Assembly

Компиляция программ с языка ассемблера

Источник: ГОСТ 19781-90: Обеспечение систем обработки информации программное. Термины и определения оригинал документа

39. Сборка

D. Fügen

E. Assembly

F. Assemblage

Источник: ГОСТ 3.1109-82: Единая система технологической документации. Термины и определения основных понятий оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > assembly
11 switchboard
коммутатор
Устройство, обеспечивающее посредством включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей выбор требуемой выходной цепи и соединение с ней входной цепи
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
- commutator
- switchboard
DE
FR
- commutateur
коммутаторная панель
распределительный щит
Устройство, конструктивно объединяющее несколько коммутационных элементов, предназначенных для включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей и каналов связи в ручном режиме.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
Синонимы
- распределительный щит
EN
- switchboard
коммутационный щит
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- switchboard
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
распределительное устройство
Распределительным устройством (РУ) называется электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая сборные и соединительные шины, коммутационные аппараты, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[РД 34.20.185-94]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, предназначенная для приема и распределения электрической энергии на одном напряжении и содержащая коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные шины [секции шин], устройства управления и защиты.
Примечание. К устройствам управления относятся аппараты и связывающие их элементы обеспечивающие контроль, измерение, сигнализацию и выполнение команд.
[ ГОСТ 24291-90]
[ ГОСТ Р 53685-2009]

электрическое распределительное устройство
распределительное устройство
Устройство, предназначенное для приема и распределения электроэнергии на одном напряжении и содержащее коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные соединительные устройства.
Примечание. В состав распределительного устройства дополнительно могут входить устройства защиты и управления
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая коммутационные аппараты, сборные и соединительные шины, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[ПОТ Р М-016-2001]
[РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]

устройство распределительное
Совокупность аппаратов и приборов для приёма и распределения электроэнергии одного напряжения, вырабатываемой электростанцией или преобразуемой подстанцией
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

EN

switching substation
a substation which includes switchgear and usually busbars, but no power transformers
[IEV number 605-01-02]

FR

poste de sectionnement
poste de coupure
poste comprenant des organes de manoeuvre et généralement des jeux de barres, à l'exclusion de transformateurs de puissance
[IEV number 605-01-02]

В качестве РУ 6—10 кВ используется сборка высокого напряжения с однополюсными разъединителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения и одна камера КСО с выключателем нагрузки и предохранителями для подключения трансформатора. Для РУ 0,4 кВ применяются сборки низкого напряжения с предохранителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения.
На ПС применяются открытые (ОРУ), закрытые (ЗРУ) или комплектные (КРУ) распределительные устройства.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ

В общем случае ПС и РУ являются составной частью электроустановок, которые различаются:
- по назначению:
  - генерирующие,
  - преобразовательно-распределительные,
  - потребительские.
    
    Генерирующие электроустановки служат для выработки электроэнергии, преобразовательно-распределительные электроустановки преобразуют электроэнергию в удобный для передачи и потребления вид, передают ее и распределяют между потребителями;
- по роду тока:
  - постоянного тока,
  - переменного тока.
- по напряжению:
  - до 1000 В,
  - выше 1000 В.
Шкала номинальных напряжений ограничена сравнительно небольшим числом стандартных значений, благодаря чему изготавливается небольшое число типоразмеров машин и оборудования, а электросети выполняются более экономичными. В установках трехфазного тока номинальным напряжением принято считать напряжение между фазами (междуфазовое напряжение). Согласно ГОСТ 29322—92 установлена следующая шкала номинальных напряжений:

для электросетей переменного тока частотой 50 Гц междуфазовое напряжение должно быть: 12, 24, 36, 42, 127, 220, 380 В; 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 110, 150, 220, 330, 500, 750 и 1150 кВ;
для электросетей постоянного тока: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 110, 220, 440, 660, 825, 3000 В и выше.
- по способу присоединения к электросети ПС разделяются на:
  - тупиковые (блочные),
  - ответвительные (блочные),
  - проходные (транзитные)
  - узловые.
Тупиковые ПС получают питание по одной или двум тупиковым ВЛ.

Ответвительные ПС присоединяются ответвлением к одной или двум проходящим ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Проходные ПС включаются в рассечку одной или двух проходящих ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.

Узловые ПС кроме питающих имеют отходящие радиальные или транзитные ВЛ.
- по способу управления ПС могут быть:
  - только с телесигнализацией,
  - телеуправляемыми с телесигнализацией,
  - с телесигнализацией и управлением с общеподстанционного пункта управления (ОПУ).
Подстанции оперативно обслуживаются постоянным дежурным персоналом на щите управления, дежурными на дому или оперативно-выездными бригадами (ОВБ). Ремонт ПС осуществляется специализированными выездными бригадами централизованного ремонта или местным персоналом подстанции.

В РУ напряжением до 1000 В провода, шины, аппараты, приборы и конструкции выбирают как по нормальным условиям работы (напряжению и току), так и по термическим и динамическим воздействиям токов коротких замыканий (КЗ) или предельно допустимой отключаемой мощности.

В РУ и ПС напряжением выше 1000 В расстояния между электрооборудованием, аппаратами, токоведущими частями, изоляторами, ограждениями и конструкциями устанавливаются так, чтобы при нормальном режиме работы электроустановки возникающие физические явления (температура нагрева, электрическая дуга, выброс газов, искрение и др.) не могли привести к повреждению оборудования и КЗ.

[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]

Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:
- By the current rating.
- By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely interrupt)
  - Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents
  - Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents
  - Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very small.
- By voltage class:
  - Low voltage (less than 1,000 volts AC)
  - Medium voltage (1,000–35,000 volts AC)
  - High voltage (more than 35,000 volts AC)
- By insulating medium:
  - Air
  - Gas (SF6 or mixtures)
  - Oil
  - Vacuum
- By construction type:
  - Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type)
  - Outdoor
  - Industrial
  - Utility
  - Marine
  - Draw-out elements (removable without many tools)
  - Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
  - Live-front
  - Dead-front
  - Open
  - Metal-enclosed
  - Metal-clad
  - Metal enclosed & Metal clad
  - Arc-resistant
- By IEC degree of internal separation
  - No Separation (Form 1)
  - Busbars separated from functional units (Form 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from busbars (Form 2b, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from each other (Form 3a, 3b)
  - Functional units separated from each other (Form 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separated from each other (Form 4a, 4b)
  - Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit (Form 4b)
- By interrupting device:
- By operating method:
  - Manually operated
  - Motor/stored energy operated
  - Solenoid operated
- By type of current:
  - Alternating current
  - Direct current
- By application:
  - Transmission system
  - Distribution
- By purpose
  - Isolating switches (disconnectors)
  - Load-break switches.
  - Grounding (earthing) switches
A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually operated switches may all exist in the same row of cubicles.

Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.

[Robert W. Smeaton (ed) Switchgear and Control Handbook 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, new York 1997]
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_switchgear]

Тематики
- электрификация, электроснабж. железных дорог
- электроагрегаты генераторные
- электробезопасность
- электроснабжение в целом
Синонимы
- РУ
- электрическое распределительное устройство
EN
DE
- Schaltanlage
- Schaltstation
FR
распределительный щит
Комплектное устройство, содержащее различную коммутационную аппаратуру, соединенное с одной или более отходящими электрическими цепями, питающееся от одной или более входящих цепей, вместе с зажимами для присоединения нейтральных и защитных проводников.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

щит распределительный
Электротехническое устройство, объединяющее коммутационную, регулирующую и защитную аппаратуру, а также контрольно-измерительные и сигнальные приборы
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

распределительный щит
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

EN

distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

FR

tableau de répartition, m
ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
[IEV number 826-16-08]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Distribution switchboards, including the Main LV Switchboard (MLVS), are critical to the dependability of an electrical installation. They must comply with well-defined standards governing the design and construction of LV switchgear assemblies

A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function. It represents a key link in the dependability chain.

Consequently, the type of distribution switchboard must be perfectly adapted to its application. Its design and construction must comply with applicable standards and working practises.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительные щиты, включая главный распределительный щит низкого напряжения (ГРЩ), играют решающую роль в обеспечении надежности электроустановки. Они должны отвечать требованиям соответствующих стандартов, определяющих конструкцию и порядок изготовления НКУ распределения электроэнергии.

В распределительном щите выполняется прием электроэнергии и ее распределение по отдельным цепям, каждая из которых контролируется и защищается плавкими предохранителями или автоматическими выключателями.
Распределительный щит состоит из функциональных блоков, включающих в себя все электрические и механические элементы, необходимые для выполнения требуемой функции. Распределительный щит представляет собой ключевое звено в цепи обеспечения надежности.

Тип распределительного щита должен соответствовать области применения. Конструкция и изготовление распределительного щита должны удовлетворять требованиям применимых стандартов и учитывать накопленную практику применения.

[Перевод Интент]

Рис. Schneider Electric

With Prisma Plus G you can be sure to build 100% Schneider Electric switchboards that are safe, optimised:

> All components (switchgear, distribution blocks, prefabricated connections, etc.) are perfectly rated and coordinated to work together;

> All switchboard configurations, even the most demanding ones, have been tested.

You can prove that your switchboard meets the current standards, at any time.

You can be sure to build a reliable electrical installation and give your customers full satisfaction in terms of dependability and safety for people and the installation.

Prisma Plus G with its discreet design, blends harmoniously into all tertiary and industrial buildings, including in entrance halls and passageways.

With Prisma Plus G you can build just the right switchboard for your customer, sized precisely to fit costs and needs.

With this complete, prefabricated and tested system, it's easy to upgrade your installation and still maintain the performance levels.

> The wall-mounted and floor-standing enclosures combine easily with switchboards already in service.

> Devices can be replaced or added at any time.

[Schneider Electric]

С помощью оболочек Prisma Plus G можно создавать безопасные распределительные щиты, на 100 % состоящие из изделий Schneider Electric:

> все изделия (коммутационная аппаратура, распределительные блоки, готовые заводские соединения и т. д.) полностью совместимы механически и электрически;

> все варианты компоновки распределительных щитов, в том числе для наиболее ответственных применений, прошли испытания.

В любое время вы можете доказать, что ваши распределительные щиты полностью соответствуют требованиям действующих стандартов.

Вы можете быть полностью уверены в том, что создаете надежные электроустановки, удовлетворяющие всем требованиям безопасности для людей и оборудования

Благодаря строгому дизайну, распределительные щиты Prisma Plus G гармонично сочетаются с интерьером любого общественного или промышленного здания. Они хорошо смотрятся и в вестибюле, и в коридоре.

Применяя оболочки Prisma Plus G можно создавать распределительные щиты, точно соответствующие требованиям заказчика как с точки зрения технических характеристик, так и стоимости.

С помощью данной испытанной системы, содержащей все необходимые компоненты заводского изготовления можно легко модернизировать существующую электроустановку и поддерживать её уровни производительности.

> Навесные и напольные оболочки можно легко присоединить к уже эксплуатируемым распределительным щитам.

> Аппаратуру можно заменять или добавлять в любое время.

[Перевод Интент]

The switchboard, central to the electrical installation.

Both the point of arrival of energy and a device for distribution to the site applications, the LV switchboard is the intelligence of the system, central to the electrical installation.

[Schneider Electric]

Распределительный щит – «сердце» электроустановки.

Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения является «сердцем» электроустановки, поскольку именно оно принимает электроэнергию из сети и распределяет её по территориально распределенным нагрузкам.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
EN
DE
- elektrischer Verteiler, m
- Schalttafel
- Verteiler, m
FR
- tableau de distribution
- tableau de répartition, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchboard
12 defect

1. порок; дефект; неисправность

2. повреждение

— casting defect

— dimensional defect

— macroscopic defect

— pouring defect

— rolling defect

— welding defect

— weldment defect

* * *

1. дефект; недостаток; порок; изъян; несовершенство || дефектный

2. неисправность; повреждение || неисправный; повреждённый

3. недостаток, нехватка

defects per hundred units — число дефектов на сто изделий

— accepted defect

— allowable defects

— assembling defect

— assembly defect

— birth defect

— casting defect

— chronic defect

— condemnable defect

— controllable defect

— crack-like defect

— critical defect

— debugged defect

— deep-level defect

— defects per unit

— design defect

— deterioration defect

— dimensional defect

— discovered defect

— dynamic defect

— eliminable defect

— embryonic defect

— equivalent defects

— external defect

— fabrication defect

— fatal defect

— fault defect

— free from defect

— fundamental defect

— gross defect

— hidden defect

— identifiable defect

— inadvertent defect

— incidental defect

— incipient defect

— independent defects

— indistinguishable defects

— induced defect

— inherent defect

— inherited defect

— in-process defect

— in-service defect

— internal defect

— intrinsic defect

— invisible defect

— killing defect

— latent defect

— leading defect

— local defect

— macroscopic defect

— major defect

— man-made defect

— manufacturing defect

— material defect

— mechanical defect

— minor defect

— multiple defects

— natural defect

— no defect found

— nonfunctional defect

— noninspectable defect

— nonmeasurable defect

— nonoperational defect

— nonrepayable defect

— nonsignificant defect

— observed defect

— obvious defect

— open defect

— operational defect

— operator controllable defect

— physical defect

— point defect

— potential defect

— pouring defect

— primary defect

— process-induced defect

— processing defect

— proven defect

— random defect

— reliability defect

— removable defect

— repairable defect

— rolling defect

— secondary defect

— serious defect

— service defect

— shape defect

— shrinkage defect

— significant defect

— simulated defect

— source defect

— special defect

— sporadic defect

— spot defect

— spurious defect

— stratified defect

— structural defect

— surface defect

— technological defect

— to correct defects

— to overcome defects

— to rectify defects

— tolerance limit defect

— true defect

— typical defect

— unrepairable defect

— visible defect

— visual defect

— volume defect

— welding defect

— weldment defect

— workmanship defect

— zero defects

* * *

1) дефект; недостаток; порок; изъян; несовершенство || дефектный

2) неисправность; повреждение || неисправный; повреждённый

3) недостаток, нехватка

•

free from defect — бездефектный;

no defect found — дефектов не обнаружено ( запись при осмотре);

defects per hundred units — число дефектов на сто изделий;

defects per unit — число дефектов на изделие;

to correct defects — устранять дефекты;

to overcome defects — устранять дефекты;

to rectify defects — устранять дефекты

- accepted defect
- allowable defects
- assembling defect
- assembly defect
- birth defect
- casting defect
- chronic defect
- condemnable defect
- controllable defect
- crack-like defect
- critical defect
- debugged defect
- deep-level defect
- design defect
- deterioration defect
- dimensional defect
- discovered defect
- dynamic defect
- eliminable defect
- embryonic defect
- equivalent defects
- external defect
- fabrication defect
- fatal defect
- fault defect
- fundamental defect
- gross defect
- hidden defect
- identifiable defect
- inadvertent defect
- incidental defect
- incipient defect
- independent defects
- indistinguishable defects
- induced defect
- inherent defect
- inherited defect
- in-process defect
- in-service defect
- internal defect
- intrinsic defect
- invisible defect
- killing defect
- latent defect
- leading defect
- local defect
- macroscopic defect
- major defect
- man-made defect
- manufacturing defect
- material defect
- mechanical defect
- minor defect
- multiple defects
- natural defect
- nonfunctional defect
- noninspectable defect
- nonmeasurable defect
- nonoperational defect
- nonrepairable defect
- nonsignificant defect
- observed defect
- obvious defect
- open defect
- operational defect
- operator controllable defect
- physical defect
- point defect
- potential defect
- pouring defect
- primary defect
- process-induced defect
- processing defect
- proven defect
- random defect
- reliability defect
- removable defect
- repairable defect
- revealed defect
- rolling defect
- secondary defect
- serious defect
- service defect
- shape defect
- shrinkage defect
- significant defect
- simulated defect
- source defect
- special defect
- sporadic defect
- spot defect
- spurious defect
- stratified defect
- structural defect
- surface defect
- technological defect
- tolerance limit defect
- true defect
- typical defect
- unrepairable defect
- visible defect
- visual defect
- volume defect
- welding defect
- weldment defect
- workmanship defect
- zero defects
* * *

• дефектный

• неисправный

• поврежденный

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > defect
13 aumentar

v.

1 to increase, to rise.

aumentar la producción to increase production

la lente aumenta la imagen the lens magnifies the image

me han aumentado el sueldo my salary has been raised

aumentó casi 10 kilos he put on almost 10 kilos

aumentar de peso/tamaño to increase in weight/size

aumentar de precio to go up o increase in price

el desempleo aumentó en un 4 por ciento unemployment rose o increased by 4 percent

El ejercicio aumenta el apetito Exercising increases the appetite.

Aumentaron los gastos The expenses increased.

Nos aumentaron las ganancias este año Our profits increased this year.

2 to magnify, to amplify.

El reportero aumentó la noticia The reporter magnified the news story.

3 to enlarge.

Vamos a aumentar la casa We will enlarge the house.

4 to raise, to improve.

El movimiento aumentó la temperatura Movement raised the temperature.

5 to increase the size of, to enlarge.

* * *

aumentar

► verbo transitivo

1 to augment, increase (precios) to put up; (producción) to step up

2 (óptica) to magnify

3 (fotos) to enlarge

4 (sonido) to amplify

► verbo intransitivo

1 to rise, go up

► verbo pronominal aumentarse

1 to increase, be on the increase (precios) to go up, rise

* * *

verb

1) to increase

2) raise

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ tamaño] to increase; (Fot) to enlarge; (Ópt) to magnify

2) [+ cantidad] to increase; [+ precio] to increase, put up; [+ producción] to increase, step up

me van a aumentar el sueldo — they are going to increase o raise my salary

no aumentes la velocidad todavía — don't speed up yet

esto aumentó el número de parados — this swelled the numbers of the unemployed

3) [+ intensidad] to increase

su dimisión ha aumentado la tensión política — his resignation has increased political tension

estas pastillas pueden aumentar las molestias — these tablets can make the problem worse

4) (Elec, Radio) to amplify

2. VI

1) [tamaño] to increase

2) [cantidad, precio, producción] to increase, go up

las temperaturas aumentarán mañana — temperatures will rise tomorrow

el número de asesinatos ha aumentado en 200 — the number of killings has increased o gone up by 200

este semestre aumentó la inflación en un 2% — inflation has increased o gone up by 2% over the last 6 months

3) [intensidad] to increase

el calor aumenta por la tarde — the heat increases in the afternoon

su popularidad ha aumentado — his popularity has increased o risen

la crispación política aumenta por momentos — political tension is increasing o rising by the moment

4)

aumentar de — to increase in

aumentar de peso — [objeto] to increase in weight; [persona] to put on o gain weight

aumentar de tamaño — to increase in size

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <precio/sueldo> to increase, raise; <cantidad/velocidad/tamaño> to increase; <producción/dosis> to increase, step up; dolor/miedo/tensión to increase

el microscopio aumenta la imagen — the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image

b) < puntos> ( en tejido) to increase
2.
aumentar vi temperatura/presión to rise; velocidad to increase; precio/producción/valor to increase, rise

el niño aumentó 500 gramos — the child put on o gained 500 grams

su popularidad ha aumentado — his popularity has grown

aumentará el frío — it will become colder

aumentar de algo — de volumen/tamaño to increase in something

aumentó de peso — he put on o gained weight

* * *

= accelerate, augment, become + large, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, grow + larger, increase, raise, rise, strengthen, accentuate, grow, add to, deepen, mushroom, intensify, wax, swell, pump up, bump up, step up, spike, crank up, ramp up, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, ratchet up, amp up, turn up.

Ex. In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated with the introduction of on-line information retrieval.

Ex. These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.

Ex. If the number of categories becomes large, cross-references will be necessary between individual files.

Ex. An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.

Ex. Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.

Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

Ex. As the system grows larger it's more difficult to maintain that control.

Ex. Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex. The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.

Ex. If suppliers are forced out of business, there will be less software to lend and prices will rise with the lack of competition.

Ex. He proposes a research agenda that could strengthen archival appraisal and the profession's ability to document society.

Ex. However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.

Ex. No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.

Ex. In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.

Ex. One of the effects of reading in children is that their appreciation of the processes and function of literature is deepened.

Ex. The use of electronic mail systems has mushroomed in the last 5 years in industrialised nations.

Ex. Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.

Ex. The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex. Reference work has been ill-served in the past by its expositors and theoreticians: its extensive literature of several hundred papers and books is swollen by a mass of the transient and the trivial.

Ex. The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.

Ex. Most librarians will admit that they could probably increase the use made of their lending libraries and bump up their annual loans by stocking more romances and thrillers and fewer serious novels, but they do not do this.

Ex. The intensity of marketing to schools and parents will have to be stepped up by publishers if they are to succeed in the more competitive market.

Ex. Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.

Ex. Refiners are cranking up diesel output to meet rising global demand.

Ex. EGND has hit a home run with the introduction of a new product line, increasing sales projections, and ramping up production schedules.

Ex. Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.

Ex. Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.

Ex. There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.

Ex. We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.

Ex. David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.

Ex. Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.

Ex. After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.

Ex. The health department has ratcheted up efforts to prevent or slow down the spread of swine flu in schools.

Ex. In order to gain strength fast, you need to immediately begin amping up your strength thermostat in your mind.

Ex. Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

----

* aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.

* aumentar de tamaño = grow in + size, grow + larger, increase in + size.

* aumentar de valor = increase in + value.

* aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.

* aumentar el control = tighten (up) + control.

* aumentar el esfuerzo = increase + effort.

* aumentar el precio = mark up + price, jack up + the price.

* aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.

* aumentar en cantidad = increase in + quantity.

* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.

* aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.

* aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.

* aumentar la experiencia = deepen + experience.

* aumentar la productividad = increase + productivity, boost + Posesivo + productivity.

* aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.

* aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.

* aumentar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.

* aumentar las ventas = boost + sales.

* aumentar la velocidad = grow + faster.

* aumentar los costes = cost + rise.

* aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.

* aumentar los ingresos = boost + Posesivo + income.

* aumentar rápidamente = snowball.

* crisis + aumentar = crisis + deepen.

* estar aumentando = be on the increase.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

a) <precio/sueldo> to increase, raise; <cantidad/velocidad/tamaño> to increase; <producción/dosis> to increase, step up; dolor/miedo/tensión to increase

el microscopio aumenta la imagen — the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image

b) < puntos> ( en tejido) to increase
2.
aumentar vi temperatura/presión to rise; velocidad to increase; precio/producción/valor to increase, rise

el niño aumentó 500 gramos — the child put on o gained 500 grams

su popularidad ha aumentado — his popularity has grown

aumentará el frío — it will become colder

aumentar de algo — de volumen/tamaño to increase in something

aumentó de peso — he put on o gained weight

* * *

= accelerate, augment, become + large, enhance, enlarge, escalate, expand, grow + larger, increase, raise, rise, strengthen, accentuate, grow, add to, deepen, mushroom, intensify, wax, swell, pump up, bump up, step up, spike, crank up, ramp up, move it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch, ratchet up, amp up, turn up.

Ex: In recent years, the pace of change has accelerated with the introduction of on-line information retrieval.

Ex: These sources which form the basis of the intellectual selection of terms may be augmented by the machine selection of terms.

Ex: If the number of categories becomes large, cross-references will be necessary between individual files.

Ex: An introduction explaining the nature and scope of the indexing language will enhance its value.

Ex: Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.

Ex: Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.

Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

Ex: As the system grows larger it's more difficult to maintain that control.

Ex: Recall is inversely proportional to precision, and vice versa, or in other words, as one increases, the other must decrease.

Ex: The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.

Ex: If suppliers are forced out of business, there will be less software to lend and prices will rise with the lack of competition.

Ex: He proposes a research agenda that could strengthen archival appraisal and the profession's ability to document society.

Ex: However, future trends may tend to accentuate this division.

Ex: No true reader can be expected to grow on a diet of prescribed texts only regardless of how well chosen they are.

Ex: In addition, Britain has one of the most extensive bodies of legislation in the world, which is added to daily and encrusted with myriad rules and regulations.

Ex: One of the effects of reading in children is that their appreciation of the processes and function of literature is deepened.

Ex: The use of electronic mail systems has mushroomed in the last 5 years in industrialised nations.

Ex: Whilst these achievements are commendable, there is a catch in them -- there can be used to 'intensify' the economic exploitation of women.

Ex: The population waxed again slightly, then waned again, until it finally stabilized around its present 55,000.

Ex: Reference work has been ill-served in the past by its expositors and theoreticians: its extensive literature of several hundred papers and books is swollen by a mass of the transient and the trivial.

Ex: The article ' Pump up the program...' identifies the costs and benefits of undertaking a software upgrade.

Ex: Most librarians will admit that they could probably increase the use made of their lending libraries and bump up their annual loans by stocking more romances and thrillers and fewer serious novels, but they do not do this.

Ex: The intensity of marketing to schools and parents will have to be stepped up by publishers if they are to succeed in the more competitive market.

Ex: Baby boomers are desperately trying to hold onto their salad days -- plastic surgery, vitamins and drugs like Viagra have spiked in public demand.

Ex: Refiners are cranking up diesel output to meet rising global demand.

Ex: EGND has hit a home run with the introduction of a new product line, increasing sales projections, and ramping up production schedules.

Ex: Liverpool and Chelsea are grabbing all the headlines, but Arsenal have quietly moved it up a gear scoring 10 goals in their last three league games.

Ex: Start gently, ease yourself in by breaking the workout down into three one minute sessions until you are ready to notch it up a gear and join them together.

Ex: There was not much to separate the sides in the first ten minutes however Arsenal took it up a gear and got the goal but not without a bit of luck.

Ex: We have a good time together and we're good friends.. but I'd like to take it up a notch.

Ex: David quickly comprehended our project needs and then cranked it up a notch with impactful design.

Ex: Went for a bike ride with a mate last week, no problems so will crank it up a gear and tackle some hills in the next few weeks.

Ex: After a regular walking routine is established, why not move it up a notch and start jogging, if you haven't already.

Ex: The health department has ratcheted up efforts to prevent or slow down the spread of swine flu in schools.

Ex: In order to gain strength fast, you need to immediately begin amping up your strength thermostat in your mind.

Ex: Cytokines are small proteins used to communicate messages between the immune cells in the immune system to either turn up or down the immune response.

* aumentar de importancia = grow in + importance, grow in + significance.

* aumentar de tamaño = grow in + size, grow + larger, increase in + size.

* aumentar de valor = increase in + value.

* aumentar el conocimiento = expand + Posesivo + knowledge, deepen + awareness.

* aumentar el control = tighten (up) + control.

* aumentar el esfuerzo = increase + effort.

* aumentar el precio = mark up + price, jack up + the price.

* aumentar el presupuesto = add + monies to + budget.

* aumentar en cantidad = increase in + quantity.

* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.

* aumentar en variedad = grow in + kind.

* aumentar la confusión = add to + the confusion.

* aumentar la experiencia = deepen + experience.

* aumentar la productividad = increase + productivity, boost + Posesivo + productivity.

* aumentar las diferencias entre... y = widen + the gap between... and.

* aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.

* aumentar las probabilidades = shorten + the odds.

* aumentar las ventas = boost + sales.

* aumentar la velocidad = grow + faster.

* aumentar los costes = cost + rise.

* aumentar los impuestos = increase + taxes.

* aumentar los ingresos = boost + Posesivo + income.

* aumentar rápidamente = snowball.

* crisis + aumentar = crisis + deepen.

* estar aumentando = be on the increase.

* * *

aumentar [A1 ]

vt

1 ‹precio› to increase, raise, put up; ‹sueldo› to increase, raise; ‹cantidad/velocidad/tamaño› to increase; ‹producción/dosis› to increase, step up

el microscopio aumenta la imagen the microscope enlarges o magnifies the image

no hizo más que aumentar su dolor/miedo all it did was increase her pain/fear

esto aumentó la tensión this added to o increased the tension

2 ‹puntos› (en tejido) to increase

■ aumentar

vi

«temperatura» to rise; «presión» to rise, increase; «velocidad» to increase; «precio/producción/valor» to increase, rise

el niño aumentó 500 gramos the child put on o gained 500 grams

su popularidad ha aumentado his popularity has grown, he has gained in popularity

el costo de la vida aumentó en un 3% the cost of living rose by 3%

la dificultad de los ejercicios va aumentando the exercises get progressively more difficult

aumentará el frío durante el fin de semana it will become colder over the weekend

aumentar DE algo to increase IN sth

aumentó de volumen/tamaño it increased in volume/size

ha aumentado de peso he's put on o gained weight

* * *

aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo
a) ( en general) to increase;

‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raise
b) (Opt) to magnify

verbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise;
[ velocidad] to increase;
[precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise;
◊ aumentará el frío it will become colder;

aumentar de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth;
aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
aumentar
I verbo transitivo to increase
Fot to enlarge
Ópt to magnify
II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise
(de valor) to appreciate

' aumentar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alargar
- engordar
- explorar
- separar
- separarse
- doblar
- elevar
- multiplicar
- redoblar
English:
add to
- appreciate
- augment
- boost
- build up
- deepen
- efficiency
- enhance
- escalate
- gain
- grow
- heighten
- improve
- increase
- intensify
- jack up
- jump
- magnify
- mark up
- mount
- odds
- put up
- quantity
- raise
- rise
- snowball
- step up
- surge
- swell
- up
- add
- develop
- go
- put
- soar
- strengthen

* * *

aumentar

♦ vt

to increase;

aumentar la producción to increase production;

los enfrentamientos aumentaron la tensión en la zona the clashes increased the tension in the zone;

me han aumentado el sueldo my salary has been increased o raised;

la lente aumenta la imagen the lens magnifies the image;

aumentó casi 10 kilos he put on almost 10 kilos

♦ vi
[temperatura, precio, gastos, tensión] to increase, to rise; [velocidad] to increase;
aumentar de tamaño to increase in size;

aumentar de precio to go up o increase in price;

el desempleo aumentó en un 4 por ciento unemployment rose o increased by 4 percent;

con lo que come, no me sorprende que haya aumentado de peso it doesn't surprise me that he's put on weight, considering how much he eats

* * *

aumentar

I v/t increase; precio increase, raise, put up

II v/i de precio, temperatura rise, increase, go up

* * *

aumentar vt

acrecentar: to increase, to raise

aumentar vi

: to rise, to increase, to grow

* * *

aumentar vb

1. (hacer subir) to increase / to raise

han aumentado el número de plazas they've increased the number of places

el Gobierno aumentará los impuestos the government will raise taxes

2. (subir) to rise [pt. rose; pp. risen] / to increase

las temperaturas aumentan en verano temperatures rise in summer

aumenta el número de accidentes de moto the number of motorbike accidents is increasing

3. (con lupa, microscopio) to magnify [pt. & pp. magnified]

un instrumento que aumenta el tamaño de cosas pequeñas an instrument that magnifies the size of small things

Spanish-English dictionary > aumentar
14 defecto

m.

1 defect.

no le veo ningún defecto a esta casa I can't see anything wrong with this house

defecto de fábrica o fabricación defect in manufacturing

defecto de forma administrative error

defecto del habla o de pronunciación speech defect o impediment

2 fault, shortcoming, vice, deficiency.

* * *

defecto

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) defect, fault; (de una joya) imperfection, flaw

2 (de persona - moral) fault, shortcoming; (- física) handicap

■ nació con un defecto físico she was born handicapped

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en defecto de for lack of

pecar por defecto to be too conservative

■ al hacer la comida, pecó por defecto when she made lunch, she didn't do enough

por defecto INFORMÁTICA default

■ la impresora por defecto the default printer

defecto de pronunciación speech defect

defecto de fábrica manufacturing fault

* * *

noun m.

1) defect

2) flaw

* * *

SM

1) [de persona] [físico] defect; [de personalidad] fault, shortcoming

un defecto congénito — a congenital defect

el defecto que tiene es su mal genio — his one fault o shortcoming is his bad temper, the one flaw in his character is his bad temper

su único defecto es que no sabe escribir a máquina — his only shortcoming is that he can't type

defecto de fonación, defecto del habla, defecto de pronunciación — speech defect, speech impediment

defecto de visión, tiene un defecto de visión — he has defective eyesight

defecto físico — physical defect

2) [de máquina, sistema] fault; [de tela, vestido, ornamento] flaw, defect

el defecto de tu teoría es su superficialidad — the flaw in your theory is its superficiality

tiene un defecto de fábrica o fabricación — it has a manufacturing defect o fault, it's faulty o defective

3) (Jur)

defecto de forma — technicality

defecto legal — legal defect

4)

en su defecto: Manolo, o en su defecto, Gonzalo — Manolo, or failing him o failing that, Gonzalo

por defecto — (Inform) by default

pecar por defecto —

antes no paraba de hablar y ahora peca por defecto — before, she never stopped talking, and now she's gone to the other extreme o she's gone too far the other way

- más vale pecar por exceso que por defecto

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( en un sistema) fault, flaw, defect

este material tiene un pequeño defecto — there's a slight flaw o defect in this material

a todo le encuentra defectos — she finds fault with everything

b) ( de una persona) fault, shortcoming

a pesar de mis defectos — in spite of my faults

tiene el defecto de nunca escuchar lo que se le dice — she has the bad habit of never listening to what people say to her

- defecto de fábrica

- defecto físico

2) (frml)

en su defecto: presentar el carnet de identidad o, en su defecto, el pasaporte present your identity card or if this is not possible, your passport; usar un desinfectante o, en su defecto, agua limpia — use a disinfectant, or, failing that, clean water

* * *

= deficiency, failing, fault, flaw, imperfection, inadequacy, shortcoming, blemish, defect, disfigurement, nick.

Ex. In view of the frequency with which users could benefit from references to a broader subject this omission must be regarded as a deficiency of A/Z subject catalogue.

Ex. No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.

Ex. Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.

Ex. The author lists 10 advantages of procuring the journals through STC, but counterbalances these by listing 14 flaws in the corporation's organisation.

Ex. And some of those imperfections are a result of the LC subject headings, the syndetic structure, the lack of cross-references, the obsolescence of terminology, and all the other criticisms.

Ex. Inadequacies in the specific A/Z subject index entry made for a subject can also occur if the indexer bases his analysis solely on the class number for that subject.

Ex. He wrote to James explaining the shortcomings of his catalog.

Ex. Caslon rejected the brash contrast of the later Dutch founts, and produced types that were without serious blemish, but also without much life.

Ex. This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.

Ex. Owners of rare and valuable books face a special dilemma -- identification marks can be disfigurements and actually reduce the value of the books.

Ex. The table was purchased a year and a half ago as a conference table and has a few nicks and scratches but still looks good.

----

* causado por un defecto eléctrico = electrically-caused.

* con todos su defectos = warts and all.

* defecto congénito = congenital defect, congenital abnormality, birth defect.

* defecto de diseño = design fault.

* defecto del habla = speech impediment.

* defecto de nacimiento = birth defect.

* defecto genético = gene defect, birth defect.

* defecto hereditario = birth defect.

* defectos = rough edges.

* defectos inherentes = inherent vice.

* encontrar defectos = fault.

* encontrar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.

* encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* en su defecto = failing that/these.

* faltas y defectos = faults and inadequacies, snags and pitfalls, snags and problems.

* hallar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.

* información por defecto = default.

* operación por defecto = default.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* sacarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.

* sin defecto = untainted, unblemished.

* subsanar un defecto = remedy + defect, remedy + fault.

* surgir un defecto = arise + fault.

* tomar por defecto = default to.

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( en un sistema) fault, flaw, defect

este material tiene un pequeño defecto — there's a slight flaw o defect in this material

a todo le encuentra defectos — she finds fault with everything

b) ( de una persona) fault, shortcoming

a pesar de mis defectos — in spite of my faults

tiene el defecto de nunca escuchar lo que se le dice — she has the bad habit of never listening to what people say to her

- defecto de fábrica

- defecto físico

2) (frml)

en su defecto: presentar el carnet de identidad o, en su defecto, el pasaporte present your identity card or if this is not possible, your passport; usar un desinfectante o, en su defecto, agua limpia — use a disinfectant, or, failing that, clean water

* * *

= deficiency, failing, fault, flaw, imperfection, inadequacy, shortcoming, blemish, defect, disfigurement, nick.

Ex: In view of the frequency with which users could benefit from references to a broader subject this omission must be regarded as a deficiency of A/Z subject catalogue.

Ex: No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.

Ex: Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.

Ex: The author lists 10 advantages of procuring the journals through STC, but counterbalances these by listing 14 flaws in the corporation's organisation.

Ex: And some of those imperfections are a result of the LC subject headings, the syndetic structure, the lack of cross-references, the obsolescence of terminology, and all the other criticisms.

Ex: Inadequacies in the specific A/Z subject index entry made for a subject can also occur if the indexer bases his analysis solely on the class number for that subject.

Ex: He wrote to James explaining the shortcomings of his catalog.

Ex: Caslon rejected the brash contrast of the later Dutch founts, and produced types that were without serious blemish, but also without much life.

Ex: This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.

Ex: Owners of rare and valuable books face a special dilemma -- identification marks can be disfigurements and actually reduce the value of the books.

Ex: The table was purchased a year and a half ago as a conference table and has a few nicks and scratches but still looks good.

* causado por un defecto eléctrico = electrically-caused.

* con todos su defectos = warts and all.

* defecto congénito = congenital defect, congenital abnormality, birth defect.

* defecto de diseño = design fault.

* defecto del habla = speech impediment.

* defecto de nacimiento = birth defect.

* defecto genético = gene defect, birth defect.

* defecto hereditario = birth defect.

* defectos = rough edges.

* defectos inherentes = inherent vice.

* encontrar defectos = fault.

* encontrar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.

* encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* en su defecto = failing that/these.

* faltas y defectos = faults and inadequacies, snags and pitfalls, snags and problems.

* hallar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.

* información por defecto = default.

* operación por defecto = default.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* sacarle defectos a todo = nitpick.

* seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.

* sin defecto = untainted, unblemished.

* subsanar un defecto = remedy + defect, remedy + fault.

* surgir un defecto = arise + fault.

* tomar por defecto = default to.

* * *

defecto

masculine

A

1 (en un sistema) fault, flaw, defect

este material tiene un pequeño defecto there's a slight flaw o defect in this material

a todo le encuentra defectos she finds fault with everything

el plan tiene muchos defectos the plan has a lot of defects o a lot of things wrong with it

un defecto en el sistema de frenos a fault o defect in the braking system

2 (de una persona) fault

es un defecto suyo it's one of her faults, it's a defect in her character

tiene el defecto de nunca escuchar lo que se le dice she has the bad habit of never listening to what people say to her

me quiere a pesar de mis defectos he loves me in spite of my faults

pecar por defecto: pecaron por defecto en las previsiones they were too conservative in their estimates

antes preparaba demasiada comida y ahora peca por defecto she always used to make too much food but now she's gone to the other extreme o too far the other way

Compuestos:

● defecto de fábrica

manufacturing fault o defect

tenía un defecto de fábrica it was faulty o defective

● defecto físico

physical handicap

B ( frml):

en su defecto: limpiar con desinfectante o, en su defecto, con agua limpia clean with disinfectant, or, failing that, use clean water

el director o, en su defecto, su secretaria the director or, in his absence o if he is not available, his secretary

C

por defecto ( Inf) by default

configurar algo por defecto to configure sth by default

opción/valor por defecto default option/value

* * *

defecto sustantivo masculino
a) ( en un sistema) fault, flaw, defect;

◊ defecto de fábrica manufacturing fault o defect

b) ( de una persona) fault, shortcoming;

◊ defecto físico physical handicap

defecto sustantivo masculino defect, fault
defecto físico, physical defect
' defecto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adolecer
- falla
- lacra
- rectificar
- redondear
- rozar
- tara
- cecear
- ceceo
- corregir
- deficiencia
- desperfecto
- disimular
- falta
- incorregible
- limitación
- pero
- pifia
- sacar
- tapar
English:
default setting
- defect
- deficiency
- failing
- fault
- flaw
- impediment
- imperfection
- point
- redeem
- show up
- speech defect
- default
- short

* * *

defecto

♦ nm

1. [físico] defect (en in);
no le veo ningún defecto a esta casa I can't see anything wrong with this house;

siempre le saca defectos a todo he's always finding fault with everything

Comp
defecto de fábrica manufacturing defect;
defecto de fabricación manufacturing defect;

defecto físico physical handicap;
Der defecto de forma procedural error;
defecto del habla speech impairment;

defecto de pronunciación speech defect

2. [moral] fault, shortcoming;

su único defecto es la soberbia his only fault o flaw is his pride;

tenía el defecto de llegar siempre tarde she had the bad habit of always being late

♦ en su defecto loc adv

el arzobispo o, en su defecto, el obispo oficiará la ceremonia the ceremony will be conducted by the archbishop or, in the absence of the archbishop, by the bishop;

acuda a la embajada o, en su defecto, al consulado más cercano go to the embassy or, alternatively, to the nearest consulate

♦ por defecto loc adv

1. Informát & Tec [automáticamente] by default;

la letra que te sale por defecto es Arial the default typeface is Arial

2. [tirando por lo bajo]
más vale pecar por exceso que por defecto too much is better than not enough

* * *

defecto

m

1 defect; moral fault

2 INFOR default

3

:

en defecto de for lack of, for want of;

en su defecto failing that

* * *

defecto nm

1) : defect, flaw, shortcoming

2)

en su defecto : lacking that, in the absence of that

* * *

defecto n

1. (en general) defect / fault

un defecto del oído a hearing defect

la lavadora tiene un defecto de fábrica the washing machine is faulty

2. (moral) fault

su peor defecto es que siempre quiere tener razón his worse fault is that he always has to be right

3. (en ropa) flaw

la blusa tiene un defecto the blouse has a flaw in it

Spanish-English dictionary > defecto
15 fugaz

adj.

1 fleeting.

una visita fugaz a flying visit

2 fugitive.

* * *

fugaz

► adjetivo (pl fugaces)

1 fleeting, brief

* * *

ADJ

1) [momento] fleeting, brief

2)

estrella fugaz — shooting star

3) (=esquivo) elusive

* * *

adjetivo <sonrisa/visión/amor> fleeting; <visita/tregua> brief

la belleza es fugaz — beauty is transient o ephemeral

* * *

= ephemeral, fleeting, meteoric, evanescent, short-lived [shortlived], transient, vanishing, hit-and-run.

Ex. Some books had to be rebound, some discarded and replaced on microfilm, and others, of ephemeral interest, received typed paper labels covered with Mylar tape.

Ex. From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.

Ex. This article discusses the serious implications of published research on price comparisons, especially when periodical prices are experiencing a meteoric rise.

Ex. The flamboyance of the earliest modern face proved evanescent, and it was a restrained interpretation of the design, combining elements of both the English and the French modern faces, that prevailed.

Ex. Many centres were short-lived, so the picture was always in a state of flux.

Ex. The suppliers of this circulation system recommend that the readers are given numbers and names only, since it will not be cost-effective to store full addresses, particularly with a relatively transient population such as that of a university.

Ex. Librarians have a great role to play in the systematic collection of such material which constitutes a rich but vanishing source for the study of Nigeria's history.

Ex. The recent efforts by Congress to restrict invasions of privacy has many of the hallmarks of the typical Washington hit-and-run approach to legislation.

----

* estrella fugaz = shooting star, falling star.

* * *

adjetivo <sonrisa/visión/amor> fleeting; <visita/tregua> brief

la belleza es fugaz — beauty is transient o ephemeral

* * *

= ephemeral, fleeting, meteoric, evanescent, short-lived [shortlived], transient, vanishing, hit-and-run.

Ex: Some books had to be rebound, some discarded and replaced on microfilm, and others, of ephemeral interest, received typed paper labels covered with Mylar tape.

Ex: From time to time librarians do catch a fleeting glimpse of how others see them when some journalist or academic does articulate this widespread phobia.

Ex: This article discusses the serious implications of published research on price comparisons, especially when periodical prices are experiencing a meteoric rise.

Ex: The flamboyance of the earliest modern face proved evanescent, and it was a restrained interpretation of the design, combining elements of both the English and the French modern faces, that prevailed.

Ex: Many centres were short-lived, so the picture was always in a state of flux.

Ex: The suppliers of this circulation system recommend that the readers are given numbers and names only, since it will not be cost-effective to store full addresses, particularly with a relatively transient population such as that of a university.

Ex: Librarians have a great role to play in the systematic collection of such material which constitutes a rich but vanishing source for the study of Nigeria's history.

Ex: The recent efforts by Congress to restrict invasions of privacy has many of the hallmarks of the typical Washington hit-and-run approach to legislation.

* estrella fugaz = shooting star, falling star.

* * *

fugaz

adjective

‹sonrisa/visión/amor› fleeting

hizo una fugaz visita a Toledo she made a brief o fleeting o flying visit to Toledo

una fugaz tregua a brief truce

la belleza es fugaz beauty is transient o ephemeral

la vida fugaz de una mariposa the brief o ephemeral life of a butterfly

estrella

* * *

fugaz adjetivo ‹sonrisa/visión/amor› fleeting;
‹visita/tregua› brief
fugaz adjetivo fleeting, brief
estrella fugaz, shooting star
' fugaz' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
escapada
- estrella
English:
fleeting
- glance
- glimpse
- shooting star
- transient

* * *

fugaz adj

fleeting;

su alegría fue fugaz her happiness was short-lived;

una visita fugaz a flying visit

* * *

fugaz

adj fig

fleeting

* * *

fugaz adj, pl fugaces : brief, fleeting

* * *

fugaz adj

estrella fugaz shooting star

Spanish-English dictionary > fugaz
16 tratar

v.

1 to treat (comportarse con) (persona, objeto).

¿qué tal te trataron? how were you treated?

El médico trata al paciente The doctor treats=cures the patient.

2 to have dealings or contact with.

la traté muy poco I didn't have much to do with her

3 to treat (tema, asunto).

eso lo tienes que tratar con el jefe that's something you'll have to discuss with the boss

4 to treat.

5 to treat (agua, sustancia, alimento).

6 to process (computing) (datos, información).

Ellos tratan el cuero They process the leather.

7 to deal.

Las empresas trataron The companies made a deal.

8 to try, to make a trial, to attempt it, to attempt.

Ella trató por mucho tiempo She tried for a long time.

9 to handle, to maneuver, to manoeuvre.

Ellos tratan sus pensamientos They handle their thoughts.

* * *

tratar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen - objeto) to treat, handle; (- persona) to treat

■ trató la caja con cuidado she handled the box with care

■ nos trató bien he treated us well

2 (asunto, tema) to discuss, deal with

3 (gestionar) to handle, run

4 (dar tratamiento) to address as

5 (calificar, considerar) to consider, call

■ lo trató de idiota she called him an idiot

6 MEDICINA to treat

7 (datos, texto) to process

8 QUÍMICA to treat

► verbo intransitivo

1 (relacionarse) to be acquainted ( con, with), know ( con, -)

2 (tener tratos) to deal ( con, with)

3 (negociar) to negotiate ( con, with)

4 (intentar) to try (de, to)

■ trata de hacerlo try to do it

5 (versar) to be about

■ trata de/sobre espías it's about spies

6 COMERCIO to deal (en, in)

■ trata en pieles he deals in furs

► verbo pronominal tratarse

1 (relacionarse) to talk to each other, be on speaking terms

■ no se tratan they're not on speaking terms

2 (llamarse) to address each other as, call each other

3 (referirse) to be about

■ se trataba de un atraco it was about a robbery

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

se trata de... it's a question of..., it's a matter of...

■ se trata de averiguar cómo lo hicieron it's a question of working out how they did it

* * *

verb

1) to treat

2) handle

•

- tratar con
- tratar de
* * *

1. VT

1) [+ persona, animal, objeto] to treat

su novio la trata muy mal — her boyfriend treats her very badly

hay que tratar a los animales con cariño — animals should be given plenty of affection, animals should be treated lovingly

te dejo la cámara, pero trátala bien — I'll let you have the camera, but be careful with it o treat it carefully

la vida la ha tratado muy bien — life has been very kind to her, life has treated her very well

este asunto debe ser tratado con cuidado — this matter should be handled carefully

• tratar a algn de loco — to treat sb like a madman

- tratar a algn a patadas

2) (=llamar)

¿cómo le tenemos que tratar cuando nos hable? — how should we address him when he speaks to us?

• tratar a algn de algo — to call sb sth

tratar a algn de vago — to call sb a layabout

tratar a algn de tú/usted — to address sb as "tú"/"usted"

3) (=relacionarse con)

tratar a algn: ya no lo trato — I no longer have any dealings with him

lo trato solo desde hace seis meses — I have only known him for six months

me cae bien, pero no la he tratado mucho — I like her, but I haven't had a lot to do with her

4) (Med) [+ paciente, enfermedad] to treat

me están tratando con un nuevo fármaco — I'm being treated with a new drug

le trataron la neumonía con antibióticos — they treated the pneumonia with antibiotics

¿qué médico te está tratando? — which doctor is giving you treatment?

5) [+ tejido, madera, residuos] to treat

el agua se ha tratado con cloro — the water has been treated with chlorine

6) (=discutir) [+ tema] to deal with; [+ acuerdo, paz] to negotiate

trataremos este tema en la reunión — we'll deal with this subject in the meeting

este asunto tiene que tratarlo directamente con el director — you'll have to speak directly with the manager about this matter

7) (Inform) to process

2. VI

1)

• tratar de — [libro] to be about, deal with; [personas] to talk about, discuss

la película trata de un adolescente en Nueva York — the film is about a teenager in New York

ahora van a tratar del programa — they're going to talk about o discuss the programme now

2) (=intentar)

• tratar de hacer algo — to try to do sth

trataré de llegar pronto — I'll try to arrive early

trata de no ser demasiado estricto con él — try not to be too strict with him

• tratar de que, trataré de que esta sea la última vez — I'll try to make sure that this is the last time

trata por todos los medios de que el trabajo esté acabado para mañana — try and do whatever you can to make sure that the job is done by tomorrow

3) (=relacionarse)

• tratar con algn, trato con todo tipo de gente — I deal with all sorts of people

no tratamos con traidores — we don't have dealings with traitors

no había tratado con personas de esa clase — I had not previously come into contact with people like that

para tratar con animales hay que tener mucha paciencia — you have to be very patient when dealing with animals

es muy difícil tratar con el enemigo — it is not at all easy to have dealings with the enemy

4) (Com)

• tratar con o en algo — to deal in sth

trataban con o en pieles — they dealt in furs, they were involved in the fur trade

3.

See:

tratarse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( intentar) to try

tratar de + inf — to try to + inf

traten de no llegar tarde — try not to be late

tratar de que + subj: trata de que queden a la misma altura try to get them level; trataré de que no vuelva a suceder — I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again

2) obra/libro/película

tratar de algo — to be about something

¿de qué trata el libro? — what's the book about?

tratar sobre algo — to deal with something

la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa — the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

3) (tener contacto, relaciones)

tratar con alguien — to deal with somebody

tratar con él no es nada fácil — he's not at all easy to get on with

4) (Com)

tratar en algo — to deal in something
2.
tratar vt

1)

a) <persona/animal/instrumento> (+ compl) to treat

me tratan muy bien — they treat me very well

trata la guitarra con más cuidado — be more careful with the guitar

b) ( llamar)

tratar a alguien de algo — to call somebody something

tratar a alguien de usted/tú — to address somebody using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form

2) ( frecuentar)

lo trataba cuando era joven — I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

lo traté un par de veces — I met him a couple of times

nunca lo he tratado — I have never actually spoken to him

3) <tema/asunto> to deal with

no podemos tratarlo delante de ellos — we can't discuss this in front of them

4)

a) <paciente/enfermedad> to treat

b) <sustancia/metal> to treat
3.
tratarse v pron

1)

a)

tratarse con alguien — ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with somebody; ( alternar) to socialize o mix with somebody

b) (recípr)

somos parientes pero no nos tratamos — we're related but we are not in contact with each other

2) (+ compl)

a) (recípr)

se tratan de usted/tú — they address each other as `usted'/`tu'

se tratan sin ningún respeto — they have o show no respect for each other

b) (refl) ( cuidarse)

tratarse bien/mal — to look after oneself well/not to look after oneself

3) (Med) to have o undergo treatment

4) tratarse de (en 3^a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about

¿de qué se trata? — what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de)

se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir — we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing

si sólo se trata de eso... — if that's all it is...

sólo porque se trata de ti — just because it's you

* * *

= address, approach, consider (as), cover, discuss, focus on/upon, get to, go into, handle, manipulate, tackle, treat, turn to, broach, give + treatment, play with, speak to, treat, pick up on, meet.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio met.

Ex. The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.

Ex. The searcher may be the end user, but the end user is approaching the search in some ignorance of his real requirements, or of the literature that might be available to meet those requirements.

Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex. The schedules are divided into two parts, one covering music scores and parts and the other concerned with music literature.

Ex. This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.

Ex. In a text such as this which focuses primarily upon controlled indexing languages and systems it is difficult to place natural language indexing in a appropriate context.

Ex. 'I'll get to that, I promise! but right now I have a budget to work on!'.

Ex. Although the description given here is quite lengthy, many points are glossed over, and the Manual goes into these and a number of others at length.

Ex. An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.

Ex. Different stores offer access to distinct types of information or data and permit the information to be manipulated to varying extents.

Ex. Chapter 2 tackles books, pamphlets and printed sheets, and chapter 3 is dedicated to cartographic materials.

Ex. In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.

Ex. We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.

Ex. Some of the consequences of this conclusion are broached in this article.

Ex. Equally serious, authors are often too close to the paper to give it an objective treatment.

Ex. In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.

Ex. Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries.

Ex. The author studies the factors which have impeded the spread of information on the use of thioctic acid to treat mushroom poisoning.

Ex. The report picks up on this as a surprising finding, suggesting implicitly that open access journals are lagging behind in this regard.

Ex. There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.

----

* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.

* atreverse a tratar = dare to + tread.

* como si (se tratase de) = as if.

* continuar tratando = pursue + Nombre + further.

* cuando se trata de + Infinitivo = when it comes to + Gerundio.

* de qué se trata = what it's all about.

* difícil de tratar = unruly.

* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* manera de tratar = avenue of approach.

* no atraverse a tratar = fear to + tread.

* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.

* que trata de = surrounding.

* seguir tratando = discuss + further.

* sin tratar = untreated.

* temer tratar = fear to + tread.

* tratar Algo = get down to + Nombre, be under consideration.

* tratar algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo en profundidad = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo imparcialmente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo justamente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin parcialismo = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin rodeos = address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on.

* tratar Algo supercialmente = dabble in.

* tratar como un objeto = objectify.

* tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].

* tratar (con) = negotiate (with).

* tratar con bondad = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.

* tratar con cloro = chlorinate.

* tratar con condescendencia = patronise [patronize, -USA], condescend.

* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.

* tratar con precaución = approach + with caution.

* tratar con prudencia = treat with + caution, view with + caution.

* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.

* tratar de = be about, be concerned with, deal with, take up, bear on, deal in.

* tratar de abarcar más de lo que se puede = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.

* tratar de igual modo = treat as + equal.

* tratar de ligar = chat up.

* tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar desapercibido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar inadvertido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar detalladamente = cover + in detail.

* tratar de un modo sentimental = sentimentalise [sentimentalize, -USA].

* tratar de un modo urgente = fast track.

* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.

* tratar en profundidad = treat + in detail.

* tratar específicamente = target.

* tratar información = handle + information.

* tratar injustamente = malign.

* tratar justamente = treat + fairly.

* tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.

* tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.

* tratar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, touch on/upon.

* tratar magníficamente = do + more than justice.

* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.

* tratar muy por encima = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.

* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tratarse de = come down to, be a question of.

* tratar severamente = mete out + harsh treatment.

* tratar síntomas = treat + symptoms.

* tratar superficialmente = gloss over, scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.

* tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.

* tratar un asunto = deal with + issue.

* tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.

* tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.

* tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.

* tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.

* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.

* volver a tratar = revisit.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( intentar) to try

tratar de + inf — to try to + inf

traten de no llegar tarde — try not to be late

tratar de que + subj: trata de que queden a la misma altura try to get them level; trataré de que no vuelva a suceder — I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again

2) obra/libro/película

tratar de algo — to be about something

¿de qué trata el libro? — what's the book about?

tratar sobre algo — to deal with something

la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa — the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

3) (tener contacto, relaciones)

tratar con alguien — to deal with somebody

tratar con él no es nada fácil — he's not at all easy to get on with

4) (Com)

tratar en algo — to deal in something
2.
tratar vt

1)

a) <persona/animal/instrumento> (+ compl) to treat

me tratan muy bien — they treat me very well

trata la guitarra con más cuidado — be more careful with the guitar

b) ( llamar)

tratar a alguien de algo — to call somebody something

tratar a alguien de usted/tú — to address somebody using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form

2) ( frecuentar)

lo trataba cuando era joven — I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

lo traté un par de veces — I met him a couple of times

nunca lo he tratado — I have never actually spoken to him

3) <tema/asunto> to deal with

no podemos tratarlo delante de ellos — we can't discuss this in front of them

4)

a) <paciente/enfermedad> to treat

b) <sustancia/metal> to treat
3.
tratarse v pron

1)

a)

tratarse con alguien — ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with somebody; ( alternar) to socialize o mix with somebody

b) (recípr)

somos parientes pero no nos tratamos — we're related but we are not in contact with each other

2) (+ compl)

a) (recípr)

se tratan de usted/tú — they address each other as `usted'/`tu'

se tratan sin ningún respeto — they have o show no respect for each other

b) (refl) ( cuidarse)

tratarse bien/mal — to look after oneself well/not to look after oneself

3) (Med) to have o undergo treatment

4) tratarse de (en 3^a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about

¿de qué se trata? — what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de)

se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir — we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing

si sólo se trata de eso... — if that's all it is...

sólo porque se trata de ti — just because it's you

* * *

tratar (con)

(v.) = negotiate (with)

Ex: Their purposes was to settle the disputes between the members, to negotiate with master, to accumulate and disburse a benevolent fund, and to exact contributions for drinks and parties.

= address, approach, consider (as), cover, discuss, focus on/upon, get to, go into, handle, manipulate, tackle, treat, turn to, broach, give + treatment, play with, speak to, treat, pick up on, meet.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio met.

Ex: The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.

Ex: The searcher may be the end user, but the end user is approaching the search in some ignorance of his real requirements, or of the literature that might be available to meet those requirements.

Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex: The schedules are divided into two parts, one covering music scores and parts and the other concerned with music literature.

Ex: This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.

Ex: In a text such as this which focuses primarily upon controlled indexing languages and systems it is difficult to place natural language indexing in a appropriate context.

Ex: 'I'll get to that, I promise! but right now I have a budget to work on!'.

Ex: Although the description given here is quite lengthy, many points are glossed over, and the Manual goes into these and a number of others at length.

Ex: An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.

Ex: Different stores offer access to distinct types of information or data and permit the information to be manipulated to varying extents.

Ex: Chapter 2 tackles books, pamphlets and printed sheets, and chapter 3 is dedicated to cartographic materials.

Ex: In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.

Ex: We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.

Ex: Some of the consequences of this conclusion are broached in this article.

Ex: Equally serious, authors are often too close to the paper to give it an objective treatment.

Ex: In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.

Ex: Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries.

Ex: The author studies the factors which have impeded the spread of information on the use of thioctic acid to treat mushroom poisoning.

Ex: The report picks up on this as a surprising finding, suggesting implicitly that open access journals are lagging behind in this regard.

Ex: There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.

* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.

* atreverse a tratar = dare to + tread.

* como si (se tratase de) = as if.

* continuar tratando = pursue + Nombre + further.

* cuando se trata de + Infinitivo = when it comes to + Gerundio.

* de qué se trata = what it's all about.

* difícil de tratar = unruly.

* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* manera de tratar = avenue of approach.

* no atraverse a tratar = fear to + tread.

* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.

* que trata de = surrounding.

* seguir tratando = discuss + further.

* sin tratar = untreated.

* temer tratar = fear to + tread.

* tratar Algo = get down to + Nombre, be under consideration.

* tratar algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo en profundidad = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo imparcialmente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo justamente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin parcialismo = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin rodeos = address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on.

* tratar Algo supercialmente = dabble in.

* tratar como un objeto = objectify.

* tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].

* tratar (con) = negotiate (with).

* tratar con bondad = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.

* tratar con cloro = chlorinate.

* tratar con condescendencia = patronise [patronize, -USA], condescend.

* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.

* tratar con precaución = approach + with caution.

* tratar con prudencia = treat with + caution, view with + caution.

* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.

* tratar de = be about, be concerned with, deal with, take up, bear on, deal in.

* tratar de abarcar más de lo que se puede = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.

* tratar de igual modo = treat as + equal.

* tratar de ligar = chat up.

* tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar desapercibido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar inadvertido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar detalladamente = cover + in detail.

* tratar de un modo sentimental = sentimentalise [sentimentalize, -USA].

* tratar de un modo urgente = fast track.

* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.

* tratar en profundidad = treat + in detail.

* tratar específicamente = target.

* tratar información = handle + information.

* tratar injustamente = malign.

* tratar justamente = treat + fairly.

* tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.

* tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.

* tratar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, touch on/upon.

* tratar magníficamente = do + more than justice.

* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.

* tratar muy por encima = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.

* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tratarse de = come down to, be a question of.

* tratar severamente = mete out + harsh treatment.

* tratar síntomas = treat + symptoms.

* tratar superficialmente = gloss over, scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.

* tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.

* tratar un asunto = deal with + issue.

* tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.

* tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.

* tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.

* tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.

* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.

* volver a tratar = revisit.

* * *

tratar [A1 ]

vi

A (intentar) to try tratar DE + INF to try to + INF

trate de comprender try to o ( colloq) try and understand

traten de no llegar tarde try not to be late

tratar DE QUE + SUBJ:

trata de que queden a la misma altura try to o ( colloq) try and get them level

trataré de que no vuelva a suceder I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again

B

«obra/libro/película»: tratar DEor SOBRE algo: ¿de qué trata el libro? what's the book about?

la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa the lecture will deal with o will be on the subject of alternative medicine, the theme of the lecture will be alternative medicine

C (tener contacto, relaciones) tratar CON algn to deal WITH sb

en mi trabajo trato con gente de todo tipo in my job I deal with o come into contact with all kinds of people

tratar con él no es nada fácil he's not at all easy to get on with

prefiero tratar directamente con el fabricante I prefer to deal directly with the manufacturer

D ( Com) tratar EN algo to deal IN sth

tratar en joyas/antigüedades to deal in jewels/antiques

los mercaderes que trataban en esclavos/pieles the merchants who dealt o traded in slaves/furs

■ tratar

vt

A

1 ‹persona/animal/instrumento› (+ compl) to treat

me tratan muy bien/como si fuera de la familia they treat me very well/as if I were one of the family

trata la guitarra con más cuidado be more careful with the guitar

2 (llamar) tratar a algn DE algo to call sb sth

¿me estás tratando de mentiroso? are you calling me a liar?

tratar a algn de usted/tú to address sb using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form

a mi suegro nunca lo he tratado de usted I've never called my father-in-law `usted'

B ‹persona›

(frecuentar): lo trataba cuando era joven I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

nunca lo he tratado I have never had any contact with him o any dealings with him

C ‹tema/asunto›

vamos a tratar primero los puntos de mayor urgencia let's deal with o discuss the more pressing issues first

no sé cómo tratar esta cuestión I don't know how to deal with o handle this matter

el libro trata la Revolución Francesa desde una óptica inusual the book looks at the French Revolution from an unusual angle

esto no se puede tratar delante de los niños we can't discuss this in front of the children

D

1 ‹paciente/enfermedad› to treat

2 ‹sustancia/metal/madera› to treat

cultivos tratados con insectidas crops treated with insecticides

■ tratarse

v pron

A (relacionarse, tener contacto)

1 tratarse CON algn:

no me gusta la gente con la que se trata I don't like the people he mixes with

se trata con gente de la alta sociedad she socializes o mixes with people from high society, she moves in high circles

¿tú te tratas con los Rucabado? are you friendly with the Rucabados?

2 ( recípr):

somos parientes pero no nos tratamos we're related but we never see each other o we never have anything to do with each other

B (+ compl)

1 ( recípr):

se tratan de usted/tú they address each other as `usted'/`tú'

se tratan sin ningún respeto they have o show no respect for each other

2 ( refl) to treat oneself

¡qué mal te tratas, eh! ( iró); you don't treat yourself badly, do you?, you know how to look after yourself, don't you?

C ( Med) (seguir un tratamiento) to have o undergo treatment

D tratarse de ( en tercera persona)

1 (ser acerca de) to be about

¿de qué se trata? what's it about?, what does it concern? ( frml)

se trata de Roy it's about Roy

2

(ser cuestión de): se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing

si sólo se trata de eso, hazlo pasar ahora if that's all it is o if that's all he wants, show him in now

bueno, si se trata de echarle un vistazo nada más … OK, if it's just a question of having a quick look at it …

3

(ser): se trata de la estrella del equipo we're talking about o he is the star of the team

tratándose de usted, no creo que haya inconvenientes since it's for you o in your case I don't think there will be any problems

* * *

tratar ( conjugate tratar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( intentar) to try;
◊ traten de llegar temprano try to arrive early;

trataré de que no vuelva a suceder I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again
2 [obra/libro/película] tratar de algo to be about sth;
tratar sobre algo to deal with sth;
◊ la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

3 (tener contacto, relaciones) tratar con algn to deal with sb;
◊ en mi trabajo trato con gente de todo tipo in my job I deal with all kinds of people

verbo transitivo
1 ‹persona/animal/instrumento› to treat;
◊ me tratan muy bien they treat me very well

2 ( frecuentar):
◊ lo trataba cuando era joven I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

3 ‹tema/asunto› to discuss, to deal with
4
a) (Med) to treat

b) ‹sustancia/metal› to treat

tratarse verbo pronominal
1 tratarse con algn ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with sb;
( alternar) to socialize o mix with sb;
◊ no nos tratamos mucho ( recíp) we don't have much to do with each other

2 (+ compl) ( recípr):
◊ se tratan sin ningún respeto they show no respect for each other

3 (Med) to have o undergo treatment
4
◊ tratarse de (en 3a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about;

◊ ¿de qué se trata? what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de) to be a question of;

◊ se trata de participar, no de ganar it's a question of taking part, not of winning;

solo porque se trata de ti just because it's you
tratar
I verbo transitivo
1 (portarse) to treat
2 (cuidar) to look after, care: trátame el libro bien, look after my book
3 (dirigirse a una persona) address: nos tratamos de tú, we call each other "tú" o we're on first name terms
4 (considerar, llamar) me trató de tonto, he called me stupid
5 (someter a un proceso) to treat
6 (someter a tratamiento médico) to treat: le tienen que tratar la artritis, they have to treat his arthritis
7 (tener relación social) la he tratado muy poco, I don't know her very well
8 (considerar, discutir) to deal with: no hemos tratado la cuestión, we haven't discussed that subject
II verbo intransitivo 1 tratar de, (un libro, una película) to be about: ¿de qué trata?, what is it about?
2 (intentar) to try [de, to]
3 Com tratar en, to trade in o with 4 tratar con, (negociar) to negotiate with
' tratar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
censurar
- defraudar
- delicada
- delicado
- drogodependencia
- ir
- girar
- hablar
- mimar
- negociar
- tú
- confianza
- curar
- debido
- huir
- manera
- miramiento
- piel
- punto
- tocar
- trato
- usted
English:
about
- address
- associate
- bid
- clutch
- deal with
- discuss
- form
- grapple
- ground
- handle
- light
- lionise
- mistreat
- muck about
- muck around
- patronize
- peer
- push through
- rubberize
- specific
- squarely
- tactfully
- tout
- treat
- try
- try on
- victimize
- attempt
- bite
- contact
- could
- cover
- deal
- favor
- grasp
- process
- profile
- raw
- seek
- snub
- tackle
- take
- thrash
- untreated
- way

* * *

tratar

♦ vt

1. [portarse con, manejar] to treat;

¿qué tal te trataron? how were you treated?;

no la trates tan mal don't be so nasty to her;

la vida no la ha tratado bien life has not been kind to her;

te dejo los discos, pero trátamelos bien I'll let you borrow the records, but look after them o be careful with them for me

2. [paciente, enfermedad, herida] to treat;

la están tratando de cáncer, le están tratando un cáncer she's being treated for cancer;

el médico que la trata the doctor who is treating her

3. [tener relación con] to have dealings o contact with;

era compañera de clase pero la traté muy poco she was in my class, but I didn't have much to do with her

4. [llamar, dirigirse a]
tratar a alguien de usted/tú = to address sb using the “usted” form/the “tú” form;

no hace falta que me trates de señor there's no need to call me “sir”;

tratar a alguien de tonto to call sb an idiot

5. [tema, asunto] to treat;

el tema que trata la obra the subject of the book;

hay que tratar ese asunto con cuidado this matter needs to be dealt with carefully;

eso lo tienes que tratar con el jefe that's something you'll have to discuss with the boss

6. [agua, sustancia, tejido, alimento] to treat

7. Informát [datos, información] to process

8. Bol [insultar] to insult, to swear at

♦ vi

1. [intentar]
tratar de hacer algo to try to do sth;

trata de comprenderlo, por favor please try to understand;

trataré de no equivocarme I'll try not to get it wrong;

sólo trataba de que estuvieras más cómodo I was only trying to make you more comfortable

2. [versar]
tratar de o [m5] sobre to be about;

¿de qué trata el documental? what's the documentary about o on?;

la ponencia trata sobre contaminación acústica the paper is about o on noise pollution

3. [tener relación]
tratar con alguien to have dealings with sb;

en mi trabajo tengo que tratar con todo tipo de gente I have to deal with all sorts of people in my job;

trata con gente muy rara she mixes with some very strange people;

Comp
RP
tratar a alguien con pinzas to handle sb with kid gloves

4. [comerciar] to deal (en in)

♦ See also the pronominal verb tratarse

* * *

tratar

I v/t

1 treat

2 ( manejar) handle

3 ( dirigirse a) address (de as);

tratar a alguien de tú address s.o. informally, use the tú form with s.o.;

tratar a alguien de usted address s.o. formally, use the usted form with s.o.

4 gente come into contact with

5 tema deal with

II v/i:

1

:

tratar con alguien deal with s.o.

2

:

tratar de ( intentar) try to

3 COM

:

tratar en deal in

* * *

tratar vi

1)

tratar con : to deal with, to have contact with

no trato mucho con los clientes: I don't have much contact with customers

2)

tratar de : to try to

estoy tratando de comer: I am trying to eat

3)

tratar de or

tratar sobre : to be about, to concern

el libro trata de las plantas: the book is about plants

4)

tratar en : to deal in

trata en herramientas: he deals in tools

tratar vt

1) : to treat

tratan bien a sus empleados: they treat their employees well

2) : to handle

trató el tema con delicadeza: he handled the subject tactfully

♦ See also the reflexive verb tratarse

* * *

tratar vb

1. (en general) to treat

me trataron muy bien they treated me very well

2. (ocuparse, tener relación) to deal with [pt. & pp. dealt]

trata con muchos artistas he deals with a lot of artists

3. (hablar) to discuss

se reunieron para tratar un problema they met to discuss a problem

4. (referirse) to be about

la película trataba de vampiros the film was about vampires

tratar de to try to

trataré de ser puntual I'll try to be punctual

Spanish-English dictionary > tratar
17 penser

penser [pɑ̃se]

➭ TABLE 1

1. intransitive verb

to think

• façon de penser way of thinking

• penser tout haut to think out loud

• ça me fait penser qu'il ne m'a toujours pas répondu that reminds me that he still hasn't replied

• il vient ? -- penses-tu ! is he coming? -- you must be joking! (inf)

• mais vous n'y pensez pas, c'est bien trop dangereux ! don't even think about it, it's much too dangerous!

► penser à [+ ami, problème, offre] to think about ; ( = prévoir) to think of ; ( = se souvenir de) to remember

• penser aux autres to think of others

• tu vois à qui/à quoi je pense ? you see who/what I'm thinking of?

• faire penser à to make one think of

• il ne pense qu'à jouer playing is all he ever thinks about

• il pense à tout he thinks of everything

• penser à l'avenir to think of the future

• pense à l'anniversaire de ta mère remember your mother's birthday

• faire/dire qch sans y penser to do/say sth without thinking

• n'y pensons plus ! let's forget it!

• c'est simple mais il fallait y penser it's simple when you know how

• fais m'y penser remind me

2. transitive verb

   a. ( = avoir une opinion) to think (de of, about)

• penser du bien/du mal de qn to have a high/poor opinion of sb

• que pense-t-il du film ? what does he think of the film?

• je pense comme toi I agree with you

• je ne dis rien mais je n'en pense pas moins I am not saying anything but that doesn't mean that I don't have an opinion

   b. ( = supposer, imaginer) to think

• je pense que non I don't think so

• je pense que oui I think so

• pensez-vous qu'il viendra ? do you think he'll come?

• c'est bien ce que je pensais ! I thought as much!

• vous pensez bien qu'elle a refusé as you might have thought, she refused

• j'ai pensé mourir I thought I was going to die

   c. penser faire qch ( = avoir l'intention de) to be thinking of doing sth ; ( = espérer) to hope to do sth

• il pense partir jeudi he's thinking of going on Thursday

   d. ( = concevoir) [+ problème, projet] to think out

• c'est bien pensé it's well thought out

* * *
pɑ̃se
1.

verbe transitif

1) ( avoir une opinion) to think (de of, about)

penser du bien/du mal de quelqu'un/quelque chose — to think well/badly ou ill of somebody/something

je n'en pense rien — I have no opinion about it

qu'est-ce que tu penserais d'un week-end en Normandie? — what would you say to a weekend in Normandy?

il ne disait rien mais n'en pensait pas moins — he said nothing but it didn't mean that he agreed

2) ( croire) to think

c'est bien ce que je pensais! — I thought as much!

je te le dis comme je le pense — I'm telling you (just) what I think

elle ne pense pas un mot de ce qu'elle dit — she doesn't believe a word of what she's saying

tu penses vraiment ce que tu dis? — do you really mean what you're saying?

tout laisse or porte à penser que — there's every indication that

je pense bien! — you bet! (colloq), for sure!

vous pensez si j'étais content! — you can imagine how pleased I was!

‘il s'est excusé?’ - ‘penses-tu!’ — ‘did he apologize?’ - ‘you must be joking!’ ou ‘some hope!’

pensez donc! — just imagine!

3) ( se rappeler)

pense que ça ne sera pas facile — remember that it won't be easy

ça me fait penser qu'il faut que je lui écrive — that reminds me that I must write to him/her

4) ( avoir l'intention de)

penser faire — to be thinking of doing, to intend to do

5) ( concevoir) to think [something] up [dispositif, projet]

c'est bien pensé! — it's well thought out!

2.

penser à verbe transitif indirect

1) ( songer)

penser à — to think of ou about [personne, endroit]; ( réfléchir à)

penser à — to think about [problème, proposition]

dire quelque chose sans y penser — to say something without thinking

c'est simple, il fallait y penser or il suffisait d'y penser — it's simple, it just required some thinking

regardez le pendule et ne pensez plus à rien — look at the pendulum and empty your mind

sans penser à mal — without meaning any harm

tu n'y penses pas! c'est trop dangereux! — you can't be serious! it's too dangerous!

n'y pensons plus! — let's forget about it!

il a reçu le ballon où je pense — (colloq) the ball hit him you know where (colloq)

il ne pense qu'à ça! — (colloq) he's got a one-track mind!

2) ( se souvenir)

penser à — to remember

pense à ton rendez-vous — remember your appointment

mais j'y pense, c'est ton anniversaire aujourd'hui! — now I come to think of it, it's your birthday today!

il me fait penser à mon père — he reminds me of my father

3) ( envisager)

penser à faire — to be thinking of doing

3.

verbe intransitif to think

façon de penser — way of thinking

je lui ai dit ma façon de penser! — I gave him/her a piece of my mind!

je pense comme vous — I agree with you

* * *
pɑ̃se
1. vi

to think

Je pense donc je suis. — I think, therefore I am.

penser tout haut — to think aloud

penser à qch [problème, vacances, projet] — to think about sth

Je pense à mes vacances. — I'm thinking about my holidays.

pensez-y — think about it

vous n'y pensez pas! — you're not serious!

sans penser à mal — without meaning any harm

n'y pensons plus — let's forget it

penser à qn [ami] — to think of sb, to think about sb

Tu penseras à moi, quand je passerai mon examen! — You'll think of me when I pass my exam!

penser à faire qch — to think of doing sth

faire penser qn à qch [photo] — to remind sb of sth

Cette photo me fait penser à la Grèce. — This photo reminds me of Greece.

faire penser qn à faire qch [personne] — to remind sb to do sth

Fais-moi penser à téléphoner à Claire. — Remind me to phone Claire.

2. vt

to think, [solution, concept] to think out

On ne sait jamais ce qu'il pense. — You never know what he's thinking.

C'est bien ce que je pensais! — I thought as much!

penser que — to think (that)

Je pense que Yann a eu raison de partir. — I think Yann was right to leave.

qu'en pensez-vous? — what do you think?

je le pense aussi — I think so too

je pense que oui — I think so

je pense que non — I don't think so

penser faire qch — to be thinking of doing sth, to be planning to do sth

Ils pensent partir en Espagne en juillet. — They're thinking of going to Spain in July.

* * *

penser verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( avoir une opinion) to think (de of, about); penser du bien/du mal de qn/qch to think well/badly ou ill of sb/sth; qu'est-ce que tu en penses? what do you think of it?; il m'a dit ce qu'il pensait du professeur/film he told me what he thought of the teacher/film; je ne sais pas quoi penser de ce livre/de lui/de la situation I don't know what to make ou think of this book/of him/of the situation; je n'en pense rien I have no opinion about it; dire ce que l'on pense to say what one thinks, to speak one's mind; qu'est-ce que tu penserais d'un week-end en Normandie? what would you say to a weekend in Normandy?; il ne disait rien mais n'en pensait pas moins he said nothing but it didn't mean that he agreed;

2 ( croire) to think; penser que to think that; je pense qu'il a raison I think (that) he's right; c'est bien ce que je pensais! I thought as much!; je (le) pense, je pense que oui I think so; je ne (le) pense pas, je pense que non I don't think so; je le pensais plus intelligent I thought he was more intelligent than that; je pense avoir fait du bon travail I think I did a good job; je n'aurais jamais pensé ça de lui I would never have thought that of him; il n'est pas aussi bête qu'on le pense he's not as stupid as people think (he is); je te le dis comme je le pense I'm telling you (just) what I think; quand on dit ‘culture’ il pense ‘ennui’ to him culture spells boredom; elle ne pense pas un mot de ce qu'elle dit she doesn't believe a word of what she's saying; tu penses vraiment ce que tu dis? do you really mean what you're saying?; tout laisse or porte à penser que there's every indication that; je pense bien! you bet○!, for sure; vous pensez (bien) que si j'avais su ça… you can well imagine that if I'd known that…; vous pensez si j'étais content/furieux! you can imagine how pleased/angry I was!; ‘il s'est excusé?’-‘penses-tu!’ ‘did he apologize?’-‘you must be joking!’, ‘some hope!’; pensez donc! just imagine!;

3 ( se rappeler) pense que ça ne sera pas facile remember that it won't be easy; ça me fait penser qu'il faut que je lui écrive that reminds me that I must write to him/her;

4 ( avoir l'intention de) penser faire to be thinking of doing, to intend to do; il pense venir demain he's thinking of coming tomorrow, he intends to come tomorrow; elle pense déménager bientôt she intends to move soon; qu'est-ce que tu penses faire maintenant? what do you think you'll do now?, what do you intend to do now?;

5 ( concevoir) to think [sth] up [appareil, dispositif, projet]; c'est bien pensé! it's well thought out!; il faut penser l'avenir, non l'improviser we've got to plan for the future, not improvise^GB it.

B penser à vtr ind

1 ( songer) penser à to think of ou about [personne, endroit]; ( réfléchir à) to think about [problème, proposition, offre]; à quoi penses-tu? what are you thinking about?; je pense à elle I'm thinking of ou about her; on ne peut pas penser à tout you can't think of everything; faire/dire qch sans y penser to do/say sth without thinking; il ne pense qu'à lui/à l'argent/à s'amuser he only thinks of himself/about money/about enjoying himself; il faudrait penser à rentrer, il se fait tard we'd better think about going back, it's getting late; pense à ce que tu dis! think about what you're saying!; pensez aux conséquences/à votre carrière! think of the consequences/of your career!; maintenant que j'y pense now that I (come to) think of it; ça me rend malade rien que d'y penser it makes me ill just thinking about it; c'est simple, il fallait y penser or il suffisait d'y penser it's simple, it just required some thinking; regardez le pendule et ne pensez plus à rien look at the pendulum and empty your mind; sans penser à mal without meaning any harm; tu n'y penses pas! c'est trop dangereux! you can't be serious! it's too dangerous!; n'y pensons plus! let's forget about it!; votre argent vous pouvez vous le mettre où je pense◑! you can stuff your money you know where○!; il a reçu le ballon où je pense○ the ball hit him you know where○; il ne pense qu'à ça○! he's got a one-track mind!;

2 ( se souvenir) penser à to remember; pense à écrire à ton grand-père/changer l'ampoule remember to write to your grandfather/change the lightbulb; est-ce que tu as pensé à arroser les plantes? did you remember to water the plants?; pense à ton rendez-vous remember your appointment; pense à ce que t'a dit le docteur! remember what the doctor told you!; mais j'y pense, c'est ton anniversaire aujourd'hui! now I come to think of it it's your birthday today!; tant que j'y pense while I think of it; il me fait penser à mon père he reminds me of my father; fais-moi penser à acheter du beurre remind me to buy some butter;

3 ( envisager) penser à faire to be thinking of doing; elle pense à s'installer en France she's thinking of moving to France.

C vi to think; je pense donc je suis I think therefore I am; avec mes films, j'essaie de faire penser le public in my films, I try to make people think; façon de penser way of thinking; je lui ai dit ma façon de penser! I gave him a piece of my mind!; penser tout haut to think out loud; je pense comme vous I agree with you.

[pɑ̃se] verbe transitif

1. [croire] to think, to assume, to suppose

qu'en penses-tu? what do you think of it?

je ne sais qu'en penser I don't know what to think ou I can't make up my mind about it

je pense que oui (yes,) I think so

je pense que non (no,) I don't think so ou I think not

je pense que tu devrais lui dire I think you should tell him

je n'en pense que du bien/mal I have the highest/lowest opinion of it

qu'est-ce qui te fait penser qu'il ment? what makes you think he's lying?

quoi qu'on pense whatever people (may) think

quoi que tu puisses penser whatever you (may) think

(avec un adjectif attribut)

je le pensais diplomate I thought him tactful, I thought he was tactful

je pensais la chose faisable, mais on me dit que non I thought it was possible (to do), but I'm told it's not

2. [escompter]

je pense partir demain I'm thinking of ou planning on ou reckoning on leaving tomorrow

je pense avoir réussi [examen] I think I passed

3. [avoir à l'esprit] to think

je ne sais jamais ce que tu penses I can never tell what you're thinking ou what's on your mind

dire tout haut ce que certains ou d'autres pensent tout bas to say out loud what others are thinking in private

il a marché dans ce que je pense he trod in some you-know-what

tu vas prendre un coup de pied là où je pense! you're going to get a kick up the backside!

son contrat, il peut se le mettre (là) où je pense! (très familier) he can stuff his bloody contract! (très familier)

4. [comprendre] to think, to realize, to imagine

pense qu'elle a près de cent ans you must realize that she's nearly a hundred

5. [se rappeler] to remember, to think

je n'ai plus pensé que c'était lundi I forgot ou I never thought it was Monday

6. [pour exprimer la surprise, l'approbation, l'ironie]

je n'aurais/on n'aurait jamais pensé que... I'd never/nobody'd ever have thought that...

qui aurait pu penser que... who'd have thought ou guessed that...

quand je pense que... to think that...

quand on pense qu'il n'y avait pas le téléphone à l'époque! when you think that there was no such thing as the phone in those days!

lui, me dire merci? tu penses ou penses-tu ou pense donc! (familier) him? thank me? I should be so lucky ou you must be joking!

tu penses bien que je lui ai tout raconté! (familier) I told him everything, as you can well imagine

tu viendras à la fête? — je pense bien! (familier) will you come to the party? — just (you) try and stop me!

il est content? — je pense ou tu penses bien! (familier) is he pleased? — you bet!

tu penses bien que le voleur ne t'a pas attendu! you can bet your life the thief didn't leave his name and address!

7. [concevoir] to think out ou through (separable)

une architecture bien pensée a well-planned ou well-thought out architectural design

8. (littéraire) [être sur le point de]

je pensai m'évanouir I all but fainted

elle pensa devenir folle she was very nearly driven to distraction

————————

[pɑ̃se] verbe intransitif

1. [réfléchir] to think, to ponder

penser tout haut to think aloud ou out loud

donner ou laisser à penser to make one think, to start one thinking

2. [avoir une opinion]

je n'ai jamais pensé comme toi I never did agree with you ou share your views

je ne dis rien mais je n'en pense pas moins I say nothing but that doesn't stop me thinking

————————

penser à verbe plus préposition

1. [envisager] to think about ou of (inseparable)

pense un peu à ce que tu dis! just think for a moment (of) what you're saying!

vous éviteriez des ennuis, pensez-y you'd save yourself a lot of trouble, think it over!

c'est simple mais il fallait y penser it's a simple enough idea but somebody had to think of it (in the first place)

sans y penser [par automatisme] without thinking

sans penser à mal without ou not meaning any harm (by it)

tu n'y penses pas (familier) you can't be serious

2. [rêver à] to think about ou of (inseparable)

je pense à toi [dans une lettre] I'm thinking of you

3. [se préoccuper de] to think of, to care about

elle ne pense qu'à elle she only cares about herself

essaye de penser un peu aux autres try to think of others

il ne pense qu'à ça! (familier & euphémisme) he's got a one-track mind

4. [se remémorer] to think ou to remember to

et mon livre? — j'y pense, je te le rapporte demain what about my book? — I haven't forgotten (it), I'll bring it back tomorrow

dis donc, j'y pense, qu'est devenu le vieux Georges? by the way, whatever happened to old George?

tu ne penses à rien! you've a head like a sieve!

n'y pense plus! forget (all about) it!

faire penser à: cela me fait penser à mon frère it reminds me of my brother

fais-moi penser à l'appeler remind me to call her

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > penser
18 Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

[br]

b. 9 April 1864 Liverpool, England

d. 13 January 1930 Zurich, Switzerland

[br]

English manufacturing engineer and inventor, a pioneer and early advocate of high-voltage alternating-current electric-power systems.

[br]

Ferranti, who had taken an interest in electrical and mechanical devices from an early age, was educated at St Augustine's College in Ramsgate and for a short time attended evening classes at University College, London. Rather than pursue an academic career, Ferranti, who had intense practical interests, found employment in 1881 with the Siemens Company (see Werner von Siemens) in their experimental department. There he had the opportunity to superintend the installation of electric-lighting plants in various parts of the country. Becoming acquainted with Alfred Thomson, an engineer, Ferranti entered into a short-lived partnership with him to manufacture the Ferranti alternator. This generator, with a unique zig-zag armature, had an efficiency exceeding that of all its rivals. Finding that Sir William Thomson had invented a similar machine, Ferranti formed a company with him to combine the inventions and produce the Ferranti- Thomson machine. For this the Hammond Electric Light and Power Company obtained the sole selling rights.

In 1885 the Grosvenor Gallery Electricity Supply Corporation was having serious problems with its Gaulard and Gibbs series distribution system. Ferranti, when consulted, reviewed the design and recommended transformers connected across constant-potential mains. In the following year, at the age of 22, he was appointed Engineer to the company and introduced the pattern of electricity supply that was eventually adopted universally. Ambitious plans by Ferranti for London envisaged the location of a generating station of unprecedented size at Deptford, about eight miles (13 km) from the city, a departure from the previous practice of placing stations within the area to be supplied. For this venture the London Electricity Supply Corporation was formed. Ferranti's bold decision to bring the supply from Deptford at the hitherto unheard-of pressure of 10,000 volts required him to design suitable cables, transformers and generators. Ferranti planned generators with 10,000 hp (7,460 kW)engines, but these were abandoned at an advanced stage of construction. Financial difficulties were caused in part when a Board of Trade enquiry in 1889 reduced the area that the company was able to supply. In spite of this adverse situation the enterprise continued on a reduced scale. Leaving the London Electricity Supply Corporation in 1892, Ferranti again started his own business, manufacturing electrical plant. He conceived the use of wax-impregnated paper-insulated cables for high voltages, which formed a landmark in the history of cable development. This method of flexible-cable manufacture was used almost exclusively until synthetic materials became available. In 1892 Ferranti obtained a patent which set out the advantages to be gained by adopting sector-shaped conductors in multi-core cables. This was to be fundamental to the future design and development of such cables.

A total of 176 patents were taken out by S.Z. de Ferranti. His varied and numerous inventions included a successful mercury-motor energy meter and improvements to textile-yarn produc-tion. A transmission-line phenomenon where the open-circuit voltage at the receiving end of a long line is greater than the sending voltage was named the Ferranti Effect after him.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1927. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1910 and 1911. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924.

Bibliography

18 July 1882, British patent no. 3,419 (Ferranti's first alternator).

13 December 1892, British patent no. 22,923 (shaped conductors of multi-core cables). 1929, "Electricity in the service of man", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 67: 125–30.

Further Reading

G.Z.de Ferranti and R. Ince, 1934, The Life and Letters of Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti, London.

A.Ridding, 1964, S.Z.de Ferranti. Pioneer of Electric Power, London: Science Museum and HMSO (a concise biography).

R.H.Parsons, 1939, Early Days of the Power Station Industry, Cambridge, pp. 21–41.

GW

Biographical history of technology > Ferranti, Sebastian Ziani de
19 НКУ распределения и управления
1. Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
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Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > НКУ распределения и управления
20 appareillage
аппаратура распределения и управления
Общий термин для коммутационных аппаратов и их комбинации с относящимися к ним устройствами управления, измерения, защиты и регулирования, а также для узлов, в которых такие аппараты и устройства соединяются с соответствующими фидерами, комплектующим оборудованием, оболочками и опорными конструкциями.
МЭК 60050 (441-11-01) [1].
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

switchgear and controlgear
general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEC 62271-1, ed. 1.0 (2007-10)]

FR

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu’aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEC 62271-1, ed. 1.0 (2007-10)]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
- switchgear and controlgear
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
- appareillage
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]

низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]

EN

power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]

switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]

switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]

switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]

FR

ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]

appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]

appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]

A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)

[American electricians’ handbook]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.

Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.

The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.

It specifies in particular:

> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;

> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.

All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.

Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.

A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.

Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.

What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.

[Schneider Electric]

НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.

Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.

Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).

В частности, он определяет:

> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;

> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.

В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.

Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.

Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.

Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.

Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.

[Перевод Интент]

LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.

The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.

In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.

Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.

The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.

[ABB]

Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.

Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам

Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.

Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются

Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
- изготовитель НКУ
EN
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
1. Станочное приспособление

СП

D. Werkstückaufnahmevorrichtung

E. Machine retaining device

F. Appareillage

Приспособление, применяемое на металлорежущем и (или) деревообрабатывающем станке

Источник: ГОСТ 31.010.01-84: Приспособления станочные. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > appareillage

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